PSYC2017 Lectures 10-12 PDF
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These lectures cover various aspects of psychology, including the dark triad, personality domains, and their associated facets. Evolved and method effect theories are discussed as well as the differences between male and female personality characteristics. The content aligns with undergraduate-level psychology courses.
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ADVANTAGES OF THE DARK TRIAD ● ● ● Workplace behaviour ○ Counter-productive workplace behaviour (CWB) ■ Tactics for gaining power/reward ■ Narcissism and Machiavellianism = soft tactics ● Eg. compliments ■ Psycopathy and Machiavellianism = hard tactics ● Eg. th...
ADVANTAGES OF THE DARK TRIAD ● ● ● Workplace behaviour ○ Counter-productive workplace behaviour (CWB) ■ Tactics for gaining power/reward ■ Narcissism and Machiavellianism = soft tactics ● Eg. compliments ■ Psycopathy and Machiavellianism = hard tactics ● Eg. threats Criminality (violent crime, white collar crime) ○ Linked most with psychopathy Emotional deficits ○ Greater difficulties with emotion regulation ○ Lower emotional intelligence ■ Apart from grandiose narcissism (might be higher) ● DOMAINS, ASPECTS AND FACETS ● 6-2-1 Model ○ Used for job performance predictions ■ C = higher job performance ■ N = lower job performance ■ E = high job perfomance (sometimes) ○ While domains can be good predictors, aspects are better predictors ■ Except for conscientiousness, aspects predict same as domains Different levels of personality ○ Facets ○ Aspects ■ 6 facets per domain (30 total) ○ Domains ■ 5 domains ○ Super-factors ■ 2 groups of correlated domains ○ General factor of personality (GFP) ■ Correlation between alpha and beta GENERAL FACTOR PERSONALITY THEORIES ● ● MODELS ● Big-5 circumplex model (forms 10 circles) ○ Adjectives for high and low values of the trait ○ Eg. extraversion and agreeableness PSYC2017 Evolved trait theory ○ Correlation between domains caused by evolutionary fitness of personality ○ Differences in GPF due to varying reproductive strategies ○ GPF → individual differences in reproductive strategies ■ Higher GFP = K-strategy > R-strategy ○ Evidence: positive association for ? and ? Method effect theory ○ Correlation between domains caused by people distorting their responses to sound good ■ Impression management = people lie to look better ■ Self-deceptive enhancement = people think they are beter than they are ○ Evidence: strong correlation between domains for: ■ Standard items > non-evaluative items ■ Fake good > answer honestly instructions 10 THE DARK TRIAD DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN ● ● ● ● TRAITS OUTSIDE COMMON MODELS ● ● ● ● ● S elf-efficay: subjective perception of capability to perform Self-esteem: evaluation of one’s self Locus of control: beliefs that your life outcomes arise from your own agency/ability (internal) vs external factors outside your control (external) ○ Later divided into 3 attributions of cause: internal, powerful others, chance Need for cognition: tendency to enjoy engaging in cognitive activities Empathy: affective (feeling) or cognitive (knowing) ● ● METHODS ● ● ● THE JINGLE-JANGLE JUNGLE ● ● J ingle fallacy: thinking that two things are the same because they have the same name ○ Eg. personality trait related to low neuroticism vs crystallized knowledge of emotion vocabulary Jangle fallacy: thinking that two things are different because they have different names ○ Eg. grit and consciensiouness ifferent personality measures D Facets vs domains Different countries POSSIBLE REASON FOR DIFFERENCES ● ● ● ● PERSONALITY AND GENDER ● Meta-analysis by Schmitt on Big-5 ○ All small to moderate differences Extraversion ○ Women higher for enthusiasm ○ Men higher for assertiveness Agreeableness ○ Women higher for all facets Conscientiousness ○ Similar scores for all facets Neuroticism ○ Women higher for all facets ■ Larger effect for withdrawal facets Openness ○ Men are higher for intellect ○ Women higher for aesthetics facets Social roles ○ Social modelling: copying parent of the same gender ○ Social reinforcement Biological Evolutionary psychology theory Artefactual explanations ○ Expectancy model: stereotypes, self-forfilling ○ Artefact model: lie on tests to fit stereotypes Reasons to study gender differences in personality ○ Hiring for jobs ○ Diagnostically (under/over- diagnosis) NARRATIVE REVIEW VS META-ANALYSIS ● ● Narrative review: a comprehensive narrative review ○ Maccoby’s narrative review ■ Men are more assertive than women ■ Women are more anxious than men ■ More differences exist than in book ■ Subject interpretation ○ Doesn’t have a structure to identify studies of relevance, not all studies may be included Meta-analysis: systematic search for all research findings on a topic (from all single studies to make one big one) ○ Gets effect by average effect across studies (Cohen’s d) ○ Meta-analysis by Feingold ■ Different results to Maccoby’s book ● Anxiety still higher for women PSYC2017 ● ● ● S uper-factors have a negative association with the dark triad ○ Largest magnitude is for stability Differences in gender are bigger in the USA than the rest of the world The expectancy model = faking gender-appriate responses on personailty questionnaires ○ The artifa t model is when the person believes the are “good” or fake being “good” 11 ○ PERSON-SITUATION DEBATE SITUATIONISM VS DISPOSITIONISM ● ● ● Dispositionism: Personality determines behaviour ○ Personality is dynamic and organised ○ Every person has all traits to different degrees ○ Traits are relatively stable over time and situation Situationalism: the situation determines behaviour ○ Evidence ■ Inter-person variation differs more than between-person variation ■ The variance which can be accounted for by personality is low ● Personality coefficient = 0.3 ● Therefore situation is more important ■ Dispositionists are committing the fundamental attribution error ● Overestimating the degree to which an individual’s behaviour is determined by their personality The debate ○ The personality coefficient is not low, it is a small to moderate effect and accounts for 9% (square of the correlation) of behaviour differences ■ Situation accounts for only 0.21 ○ Therefore: ■ Behaviour = situation + personality + personality/situation interaction + error → interactionism ○ ○ SITUATION MODELS ● S ituational Eight (DIAMONDS) = describes the important characteristics of situations (psycholgically important persons, places, objects) 1. Duty 2. Intellect 3. Adversity 4. Mating 5. Positivity 6. Negativity 7. Deception 8. Sociality ● -factor model of situations (CAPTION) = similar to 7 situation eight but is based on the lexical hypothesis (like the big-5) 1. Complexity = intellect 2. Adversity = same 3. Positivite valence = positivity 4. Typicallity (different) 5. Importance = duty 6. Humour (different) 7. Negative valence = negativity and decption INTERACTIONISM ● ersonality related to situation selection: people P choose to do things consistent with their personality ■ Eg. an extraverted person going to a party Personality related to situation creation: personality traits shape the situation around them ■ Eg. an aggressive person throwing a punch Personailty can affect how people see the situation (thereby changing their behaviour) ■ Eg. stressful social interaction has larger effect for introverts Interactionalism = Both traits and situations influence behaviour and interact ○ People will act in different ways in different situations, but across time, they will tend to act in one way more than another PERSONALITY COHORT DIFFERENCES RESEARCH DESIGN FOR PERSONALITY CHANGE SITUATIONAL CONTRACTUAL MODEL ● ● S ituation contractual model = personality and situation characteristics interact to influence how people construed the situation (contructural) and how they repsond (behaviour) ● ● PSYC2017 Longitudinal ○ Follows a single cohort (born in the same year) as they age ○ Problem: Theories of personailty may change across time Cross-sectional ○ Looks at different ages in the population at a single time point ○ Problem: Cohort differences ■ Differences in personality not due to age (Eg. differences in life events) Cohort sequences ○ Follows 2 or more cohorts as they age ○ To compare developmental trajectory of different cohorts 12
