Coping
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Questions and Answers

What is self-efficacy based on subjective perception of?

  • External factors
  • Evaluation of one's self
  • Beliefs about life outcomes
  • Capability to perform (correct)

    • What is the locus of control related to?

  • Beliefs that life outcomes arise from internal or external factors (correct)
  • Evaluation of one's self
  • Subjective perception of capability to perform
  • Tendency to enjoy engaging in cognitive activities

    • What does the need for cognition refer to?

  • Evaluation of one's self
  • Affective or cognitive empathy
  • Beliefs about life outcomes
  • Tendency to enjoy engaging in cognitive activities (correct)

    • What is the jingle fallacy related to?

    <p>Thinking that two things are the same because they have the same name</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, what is the importance of cognition?

    <p>Cognition, behaviour, and environment interact, with cognition being the most important.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Bandura's 4-step model of observational learning?

    <p>Attend, Remember, Reproduce, Motivation due to reinforcement of accurate reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Bandura's concept of self-efficacy refer to?

    <p>Perceived abilities in a particular area, impacting behavior based on confidence level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of Skinner's Operant Conditioning?

    <p>Behaviors are voluntary and are shaped by the environment through reinforcement and punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the sources of self-efficacy according to the text?

    <p>Responsive environment, successful behavioral outcomes, observing success, increase efforts to improve environment or seek another environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the outcomes of high perceived self-efficacy?

    <p>Greater cognitive resourcefulness, strategic flexibility, less anxiety, set more challenging goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of the model that determine if we learn from them?

    <p>High status, competent, powerful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the determinants and constituents of personality according to the text?

    <p>Personal factor in reciprocal determinism = self-efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of low self-efficacy on behavior according to the text?

    <p>Results in more underperformance, increase efforts to improve environment or seek another environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does academic self-efficacy enable individuals to do according to the text?

    <p>Manage work better, be more persistent, less likely to reject correct solutions prematurely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which theory aims to avoid subjectivity in personality research?

    <p>Nomological network theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Plutchik's wheel of emotion categorize?

    <p>8 primary emotions arranged as opposites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model offers different interpretations of emotions and their intensity?

    <p>Affect circumplex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does meta-analysis show evidence of in terms of personality traits?

    <p>Stability in personality traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the meta-analysis by Schmitt reveal about gender differences in Big-5 personality traits?

    <p>Women score higher in enthusiasm, agreeableness, and neuroticism, while men score higher in assertiveness and intellect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expectancy model and artifact model used to explain in the context of gender-appropriate responses on personality questionnaires?

    <p>Faking gender-appropriate responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the person-situation debate involve?

    <p>Dispositionism and situationalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to interactionism, how is behavior influenced?

    <p>By situation, personality, and their interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research designs are used for studying personality change?

    <p>Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cohort sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Flynn effect show?

    <p>A rise in IQ scores, possibly due to increased nutrition, resources, and healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to whole trait theory, how does the definition of traits change?

    <p>In different cohorts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the experience sampling method (ESM) assess?

    <p>Behavior at random time points to capture real-world behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which theory emphasizes the role of physiological experience and arousal in attributing emotions to the environment?

    <p>Schacter-Singer’s two-factor theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the strategy-fit hypothesis suggest about coping effectiveness?

    <p>Coping is more effective when the coping strategy fits the level of controllability of the situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-actualization described as in the text?

    <p>The full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory is discussed in the text as involving primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, and coping response to stressors?

    <p>Transactional model of stress and coping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 6-2-1 Model used for?

    <p>Predicting job performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is linked most with psychopathy?

    <p>Criminality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does narcissism and Machiavellianism primarily involve?

    <p>Soft tactics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation between alpha and beta in the General Factor of Personality?

    <p>Positive correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Big-5 circumplex model?

    <p>Adjectives for high and low values of the trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the 6 facets per domain in personality assessment?

    <p>To provide a detailed analysis of personality traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Super-factors concept involve?

    <p>Correlated domains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Big-5 circumplex model form?

    <p>10 circles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the General Factor of Personality theories?

    <p>Correlation between alpha and beta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the 5 domains in personality assessment?

    <p>To provide a comprehensive framework for personality traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the Situation Contractual Model?

    <p>It describes how personality and situation characteristics interact to influence how people construe the situation and respond behaviorally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Situational Eight (DIAMONDS) model describe?

    <p>Important characteristics of situations, including duty, intellect, adversity, mating, positivity, negativity, deception, and sociality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In interactionism, how is behavior influenced?

    <p>Both traits and situations influence behavior and interact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the 7-factor model of situations (CAPTION)?

    <p>It is similar to the Situational Eight (DIAMONDS) model but is based on the lexical hypothesis, similar to the Big Five model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cohort sequences in personality research?

    <p>To compare the developmental trajectory of different cohorts as they age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does interactionalism refer to?

    <p>Both traits and situations influence behavior and interact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the 7-factor model of situations (CAPTION)?

    <p>It is similar to the Situational Eight (DIAMONDS) model but is based on the lexical hypothesis, similar to the Big Five model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the Situation Contractual Model?

    <p>It describes how personality and situation characteristics interact to influence how people construe the situation and respond behaviorally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Situational Eight (DIAMONDS) model describe?

    <p>Important characteristics of situations, including duty, intellect, adversity, mating, positivity, negativity, deception, and sociality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In interactionism, how is behavior influenced?

    <p>Both traits and situations influence behavior and interact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Jingle-Jangle Jungle fallacy highlight?

    <p>Misconceptions related to personality traits and measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Person-Situation Debate focused on?

    <p>The disparity between dispositionism and situationalism in determining behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the expectancy and artifact models explain in the context of gender-appropriate responses on personality questionnaires?

    <p>Gender-appropriate responses on personality questionnaires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental attribution error related to in the context of the Person-Situation Debate?

    <p>Determining behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the study explore in terms of the correlation between personality domains and evolutionary fitness?

    <p>Differences in General Psychometric Factor (GPF) leading to individual variations in reproductive strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the debate regarding the importance of personality and situation in determining behavior?

    <p>The disparity between dispositionism and situationalism in determining behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the meta-analysis reveal about gender differences in personality traits?

    <p>Small to moderate differences in various traits, such as extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the study on gender differences in personality?

    <p>Social roles and biological and artefactual explanations for gender differences in personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stressed in the contrast between narrative review and meta-analysis?

    <p>The systematic nature of meta-analysis in synthesizing research findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the debate regarding the importance of personality and situation in determining behavior?

    <p>The disparity between dispositionism and situationalism in determining behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Coping, Emotional Regulation, and Humanistic Psychology

    • The text discusses 14 different appraisals related to coping and emotional regulation, including relevance, implications, coping potential, and normative significance appraisals.
    • It presents the transactional model of stress and coping, which involves primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, and coping response to stressors.
    • Historical theories of emotion such as James-Lange theory and Cannon-Bard theory are explained, highlighting the relationship between expression, feeling, and physiological changes to the thalamus.
    • Different coping strategies are outlined, including problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, and avoidance, with corresponding personality traits associated with each.
    • The strategy-fit hypothesis is introduced, suggesting that coping is more effective when the coping strategy fits the level of controllability of the situation.
    • Schacter-Singer’s two-factor theory is discussed, emphasizing the role of physiological experience and arousal in attributing emotions to the environment.
    • The modal model of emotion regulation is presented, detailing the continuous or unconscious regulation of emotions at each stage of the response process.
    • Various goals of emotional regulation, including hedonic, counter-hedonic, task-related, and social goals, are explained.
    • The text delves into the concept of self-actualization, describing it as the full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities.
    • Characteristics of self-actualized individuals are mentioned, with a note on the challenges in sampling and the importance of experiencing a "peak experience."
    • Humanistic psychology is introduced as a field focusing on subjective experiences, personal potential, and the individual's active role in shaping their own fate.
    • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is discussed, emphasizing the need to satisfy lower-level deficit needs before pursuing higher-level growth needs, such as self-actualization, truth, and goodness.

    Gender Differences in Personality Traits

    • The study explores the correlation between personality domains and evolutionary fitness, suggesting that differences in General Psychometric Factor (GPF) lead to individual variations in reproductive strategies.
    • It discusses the Method effect theory, emphasizing how people distort their responses to appear socially desirable, with evidence pointing to a strong correlation between domains for standard items compared to non-evaluative items.
    • The text delves into the manifestation of The Dark Triad traits, highlighting differences in these traits between men and women.
    • It introduces traits outside common models such as self-efficacy, self-esteem, locus of control, need for cognition, and empathy.
    • The Jingle-Jangle Jungle fallacy is explained, highlighting the misconceptions related to personality traits and measures.
    • The differences in personality traits between men and women are outlined through a meta-analysis, revealing small to moderate differences in various traits, such as extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness.
    • Social roles and biological and artefactual explanations for gender differences in personality are discussed.
    • Reasons to study gender differences in personality, including implications for hiring and diagnostic practices, are presented.
    • The text contrasts narrative review and meta-analysis, stressing the systematic nature of meta-analysis in synthesizing research findings.
    • It explores the negative association of super-factors with the dark triad and the variation in gender differences in personality across different countries, with the expectancy and artifact models explaining gender-appropriate responses on personality questionnaires.
    • The Person-Situation Debate is introduced, discussing the disparity between dispositionism and situationalism in determining behavior, with a focus on the fundamental attribution error.
    • The debate regarding the importance of personality and situation in determining behavior is detailed, with the personality coefficient being a small to moderate effect accounting for 9% of behavior differences, while situation accounts for only 0.3%.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of coping, emotional regulation, and humanistic psychology with this quiz. Explore theories of stress and coping, historical theories of emotion, coping strategies, emotion regulation goals, and the concept of self-actualization. Challenge yourself to grasp key concepts in humanistic psychology and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

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