PSYC 2360 The Research Process PDF

PSYC*2360 The Research Process Danny M. Pincivero, Ph.D. 1 The Research Process UNIT 2 OBJECTIVES Constructing a research study….. The research question and literature search. Developing the hypothesis. Testing the hypothesis……. Evaluate results and derive conclusions. 2 Where do I start? Interest a...

PSYC*2360 The Research Process Danny M. Pincivero, Ph.D. 1 The Research Process UNIT 2 OBJECTIVES Constructing a research study….. The research question and literature search. Developing the hypothesis. Testing the hypothesis……. Evaluate results and derive conclusions. 2 Where do I start? Interest and problem identification. 3 Where do I start? Department of Psychology, University of Guelph 4 Where do I start? Department of Psychology, University of Guelph 5 The literature search https://guides.lib.uoguelph.ca/PSYC/Start 6 The literature search 7 Developing the research question Introspection something important & meaningful to you Self-observation and reflection….."What would I do ? Find the exception to the rule doubt of certitude (certainty Considering……. alternative possibilities to previous findings A matter of degree Conceptualize…...how to measure an observation Personality……Type A & Type B better approach ? The Big Five traits. - -... · Must "operationalize" the concept. ↑ Specific to research- question > have a general definition operationalize We of > - has to personality general be > - specific more specific le x. measuring the 5 traits) 8 The hypothesis Hypothesis…...making educated "guess" What do you think might happen? you try to make your guess educated & informed possible research Sometimes…...truly serendipitous findings When the investigator stumbles on to Research hypothesis……. based knowledge something useful while looking for something of occurrence Statistical hypothesis…...probability Null vs alternative hypotheses……. Type I & II error probability Scientific Law A statement based on repeated experimental observation. Conclusive observations…….. Newton's law of motion Scientific Theory Psychology relies much more on theories than laws. Very few an as as a in on else. laws 9 Theories What is a theory? “….a model of the universe, or a restricted part of it, and a set of rules that relate quantities in the model to observations….”. A good theory satisfies 2 requirements: 1. Must accurately describe a large class of observations, on the basis of a model. 2. Must make definite predictions about the results of future observations. Theories are……. provisional Can be proven?....... never Theories can be……. disproven Theory survival?..... new data/ experiments agree W/ predictions What about disagreements?... abandon modify or 10 Theories Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation 2 bodies will attract each other with a force directly proportional to the product of the 2 masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Law…... or theory 11 Evaluating the hypothesis What are the key concepts in the hypothesis? Variables…..elements in a study that can vary or assume different values. ↳ variables can be or quantitative qualitative Constant does NOT change Experimental control……. eliminating confounding items A factor in a study……. that elements that ↑ can influence the outcome of the study 12 Evaluating the hypothesis How will I define these concepts? Conceptual Definition…... general Operational Definition….. definition definition variable of the ofa variable same context Personality…… “Characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviours that are relatively stable in an individual over time across circumstances……. Research study…….. More specific…... Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism in 13 The hypothesis Deductive hypothesis Based upon a…... theoretical.Minimal direct observation mideduce from Inductive hypothesis genera theory Based primarily on…….experiment al findings Examining patterns displayed……. research papers foundation - sumptions publiwith , Fl original study + literature review data Research hypothesis States what the experimenter thinks will happen. Variables will be different or related to each other…..OR…. do terms not ivery Weffect 9 + al ey on exami relationship cause A 14 crucial experimen is The hypothesis First This last of was paragraph Introduction sentence of the last paragraph must include key both terms 1) , 2) , 13) are objectives all Notes Discussion findings or.... Section studyresearch presentprofs of the check 15 repeat OONT objectives Evaluating the hypothesis Does it correspond with reality? It should be consistent with past research. Foundational……. even2 if hypothesis breaks.?? with traditional thinking. Is it parsimonious? Principle of parsimony…… phenomena behave in the most economical way. Making minimum number of assumptions….. Occam's razor chi et exams (pp) often How specific is it? erase correct answer and put The Barnum effect…..the tendency of people to believe general incorrect answer descriptions of their personality are highly accurate. (biased in humans) Is to foundation there an Is it falsifiable or refutable? educated guess Research study must……. be able to accept refute hypothesis a ? or 16 Experimental Design Independent variable (X) Refers to a variable that is manipulated or under the control of the researcher. New drug to treat psychotic episodes. Independent variable……. Group 1: Placebo…... pill WITHOUT medical ingredient TH medical ingredient Group 2: Treatment…... pill have more than 1 independent variable Ian. Dependent variable (Y) Referred to as the……. outcome variable What will be measured. # of psychotic episodes per week - 17 Non-experimental Designs establishing not causef- IV variable Explanatory (or predictor) variable Criterion (or response) variable: The outcome variable in USE IV Or OV nonexperimental designs. outcome variable (OV) DO NOT for these studies or * - Line of Criterion variable I fit/ regression best lines Most accurate on the low predictor I since there are more bubbles) Prediction error how far the - are from the individuals line cases of best fit Predictor variable Stets & Turner, Handbook of the Sociology of Emotions, Vol. II. Springer, 2014. 18 Research studies and sampling Obtaining measures from people (qualitative and/or quantitative) Where do these people (i.e., research participants) come from? In Canada, they MUST volunteer.......AFTER, the potential participant understands all relevant information about the study. Risks to participating (physical psychological emotional · · Social) equestionnaire What measures on daily are , the researchers.... event... · high ris(t) implementing to mitigate the risks (ex pregnant ppl not permitted to an dverse If (or when) a participant experiences in... · , activities (low risk but not how will the researchers deal w) that participant ? Potential benefits to ↳ ex.. any benefits to participating getting COVIO participate advil VR study ( vaccine ?) 19 Applying statistics to research Must have “variables” Anything that, when measured, will produce 2 or more different scores. Qualitative Quantitative Research participant information that is variable A number is assigned to a measure NOT measured in “amounts” but classifies obtained from a research participant. the participant based on the measure. Indicates “amount” ↓ Qualitative · Type A Personality orTypeB? > Quantitative · BIG 5 ! ↳ no NEO-PI ↳ questionnaire numerical #'s Pain > Visual analog - 10-10 scale of scale paint 20 Research Ethics Danny M. Pincivero, Ph.D. 1 The Research Process UNIT 3 OBJECTIVES What are research ethics? supported by laws What are the factors that can affect ethical research? ↳ policy List/describe the roles of different levels of the research process to maintain ethical behaviour. Discuss the historical development of research ethics. 2 What are “ethics”? “Ethics involves the application of moral principles concerning what an individual considers right and wrong to help guide one’s decisions and behavior.” Utilitarian perspective Decisions should do the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Norman Borlaug, 1970 Altruistic perspective Nobel Peace Prize Involves helping others without personal benefit. · · Idealistic selfless actions d Egoism Individuals should act in accordance with their own self-interests. · Data fabrication Eric Poehlman An Unwelcome Discovery - The New York Times (nytimes.com) 3 Research ethics Governed by……. federal a institutional policy CAUT Policy Statement Research misconduct is defined as a serious breach of good research practice that includes but is not limited to falsification, fabrication, and plagiarism committed willfully or through gross negligence when planning, carrying out or reporting on research. Approved by the CAUT Council, November 2015. Research Misconduct | CAUT 4 Factors affecting ethical research 1) Scientific competition Competing with others with similar interests. “Who will find the answer first”. 2) Societal norms Undefined norms within a discipline or an organization. Will foster scientific competition. 3 P’s……. policy, procedure practice , · credit to students in courses ?? is this fair ! Potential concerns additional 10% will give you an I in study my participate you Offering extra le x if. arise may your final in grade , 5 Factors affecting ethical research If I drink smarter" will 3) Political influences mi II get Ability to obtain external funding for research. Research activities are “tailored” around…...funding hopes Research activities that may “impress” influential people. ? Status monetary gain decision making power Why. 4) “Trendy” research Blindly “doing what other people are doing”. “Hot topic”. Research questions often go unanswered. Example: Research addressing…….. covid-19 disease ? Altruistic ? Egoism Utilitarian Is this… · , 6 Factors affecting ethical research Relies primarily on the researcher 1) Previous relevant work Performing literature review. Must identify and acknowledge previous studies. 2) Potential sources of error & couldmistakeshappenwhen Limitations of the study. Limitations of equipment or instruments. Performing pilot work. pilot workF pilot study a condring ↑ y Researchers not controlled identify es potentiaof How to error test drive their study? instrument 7 Responsibility for ethical research * Shared responsibility Internal responsibility - Researchers External responsibility - personnel directivociated study Human subjects committee internal (institution) musthaveapproval Scientific journal personnel editors reviewers Scientific community……. quationing replication 1) Human subjects committee Research Ethics Board (REB). Serves to protect the rights of human participants from physical, psychological or social harm. Non-institutional (university, hospital) members of the community. not WI : : , , · provides approval to begin research study 8 Responsibility of ethical research 2) Journal editors and reviewers Determining the quality of submitted work. l A S I · ethical violations to ⑳ · rocess prone · ④ P. pilot studies T at conference presented typically Editors: violating ethical standards to gain political favor with potential authors. Reviewers: Rejecting manuscripts without adequate justification…... Competitive interests 3) Final responsibility Scientific community. Readership of journals. & · · - are Identifyingiweaknesses in published ad red 9 Research ethics Governed by……federal and institutional policy. Ethics - CIHR (cihr-irsc.gc.ca) 10 Research ethics regulations Research Ethics/Protection of Human Participants | Office of Research (uoguelph.ca) 11 Research ethics board – review levels O Classification Exempt Expedited Full Review must know ?? n ask prof Description Process The research poses less than minimal risk Reviewed by the (i.e., no known physical, emotional, chair of the REB…or psychological, or economic risk) and includes Not reviewed. a non-vulnerable population. b/c using public Secondary data analysis (online public data). ta le.. Athletes The research poses minimal risk typically Reviewed by the incomes encountered in daily life, such as moderate chair or a qualified exercise or minor stress from testing or member of the REB surveys and includes a non-vulnerable committee. i there are typically 2different population. da · The research poses a greater than minimal risk typically encountered in daily life, such as maximal exercise, stressful psychological tests, or questions about illegal activities, or includes a vulnerable population (e.g., children, elderly, prisoners, pregnant women, or mentally disabled persons). Reviewed by a committee of at least five members of the REB. · meets once a month 12 Historical development 1) Nuremberg Code (1947) Developed by military tribunals. Established basic principles. First provision “The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential”. mm I 13 Nuremberg Code * Major provisions: 1) Capacity to consent Participant must be able to make voluntary decision. 2) Freedom from coercion Must not make any positive or negative inducements for participants to enroll in study. Example: passing or failing a course 3) Comprehension of the risks and benefits Participants must provide informed consent. Cannot be deceptive in the treatments……. blinding (masking) allowed 4) Competence of the investigator Previous experience or expertise. · Evidence of credentials 14 Historical development 2) Declaration of Helsinki (1964, revised 1989) Emphasized review of research protocols by an independent committee not involved with the project. Development of the Institutional Review Board (IRB). 3) National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1978) The Belmont Report Established basic ethical principles in research in the United States. 15 The Belmont Report 1) Respect for persons Providing sufficient information to potential research participants so that informed decisions can be made. Not. treating people in animate objects Autonomy People are capable of making deliberate, informed decisions about their participation in research. as 16 The Belmont Report # Informed consent a) Information Informing participants of risks and benefits. Explaining details of the study procedures and/or treatments. b) Comprehension Researcher responsibility to ensure that the participant understands theresearcher study and procedures. le.x research participants don't speak english :must hire c) Voluntary consent interpreter Free from coercion. Must provide informed voluntary consent. Environment must be conducive for voluntary consent. (unethical for prof to read Students' grades infront of Confidentiality must be ensured and maintained. class) Freedom to…...withdraw at any time without penalty Assent….. ag ree to participate in study for children adults w AND... limted cognitive ability. of parent or g uardian an I...... ,... · permission 17 The Belmont Report 2) Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Cost-benefit analysis Assessment of the risks and benefits for participation. Benefits must…...outweigh the risks Risk: Refers to physical, psychological, or social harm that is beyond the expected daily experience. Benefits: How will the participant and/or society benefit…...not guranteed Beneficence Acting with the purpose of benefiting others. Non-maleficence Researchers should do no harm. Aiming to…... reduce risks to P ar Tick parts Loss of confidentiality…... risk of individuals to public Anonymity…….individual responses cannot be linked to scrutiny · identity (e x2 individual responses. shouldn't come ↑ from person 18 The Belmont Report 3) Justice Requires that the benefits and burdens of research be distributed fairly…... opportunity to participant (e x.. you cannot say that pp) w/ the first letter name "IT "cannot participate) Fairness when deciding who to use as study participants and what role they will play in the study. Individuals: Participants cannot be selected due to…….. favor disdain (risky research) or Appropriateness of proposed materials you cannot deny a participant just you don't 6/ like them Tuskegee (AL) syphilis study U.S Public Health (1932-72) Objective: Observe progression of untreated syphilis. 400 African-American men, illiterate. Participants…... never informed of disease Denied treatment (penicillin) & I musti ch Research Ethics 101 Part 1.4 Tuskegee Study - YouTube Research Ethics 101 Part 2.2 Tri Council Policy Statement - YouTube - Research Ethics 101 Part 3.4 Secondary Use Of Data - YouTube 19 Ethical treatment of data Falsification/Fabrication · · autism MMR vaccine Eric Poehlman case: don't make up your It's Massaging the Data P-hacking…... manipulating data for statistical significance meta-analysis-proposal !) Dropping participants getting Elimination of outliers. Unusual data point blunder distracted & you accidentally Reporting only significant (statistical) results type random # Non-significant findings…..valuable ? Including some variables but not others Why??.....truly irrelevant large - , : A , number? 20 Measurement and sampling Danny M. Pincivero, Ph.D. > - Ug 1 The research process approach making empirical Research observations “The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.” (English Oxford Dictionary) Role of quantitative methods Applying numbers, equations, formulas, mathematical techniques, graphical analyses. to reveal patterns Purpose?...... objective approach - - Idea problem identification , Interpret Educated "guess" observations... · QuantitatiO e "Collect how ? previous patterns different together · piecing theories and/or ideas. data" Healey et al. Statistics: A Tool for Social Research. 2020. Figure 1.1. 2 The research process degree of cooking W Statistics Dissemination -error does not mean mistalce it means Varia bility 3 more Population vs sample observational of type research POPULATION The total number of cases or items of interest within a defined region. Examples: All university students in Canada All Canadians over the age of 65 All Canadians suffering from arthritis All people with cardiovascular disease Parameters Numbers that characterize the population Greek symbols (μ, σ, ρ) population mean (average entire of population) Sigma descriptive more important the · than average Takes into "Who" correlation coefficient factor how all are Scores factored into a tht 4 Population vs sample How many university students are there in Canada? Population: All university students in Canada. 1,440,094 (2023). https://www.univcan.ca/ Sample 50 undergraduate students at the University of Guelph. Representative? dependsdepend inclusion Statistics Numbers that characterize the sample Source: Association of Atlantic Universities English symbols: Council of Ontario Universities & exclusion on · · could that Individual institutions Bureau de cooperation interuniversitaire Si ↑ imun , N if researcher narrowed also population a little criteria more & correlation Coefficient sample standard I devi ation 5 Population vs sample SAMPLE Relatively small subset of a population that is intended to represent that population. Random sample: Individuals that make up the sample are randomly selected from the population. (theory) Problems? May not produce a representative sample. In reality, difficult to randomly select people to study. 6/ peopleprior must be informed study to 6 KEY CONCEPTS Data = scores on variables, or information expressed as numbers (quantitatively) ↓ Variables = traits that can change values from case to case despite being quantitative referred (e.g., gender, age, religious affiliation) individual Cases =↑ entities from which data are gathered (e.g., people, businesses, cities, countries) Application In a recent survey of university students, Statistics Canada found that the average age of university students in Canada was 21.7 years. Identify the following: 1. What is the variable?........ age (univariate) 2. What are the data?.....actual 3. What are the cases?...... university students also a vary by lot , a little bit , or in between - still to data cases 7 STATISTICAL APPLICATIONS 2 general approaches you DESCRIPTIVE Describing basic characteristics of a person or a group. (PNGlueSANOVAHas Summarize one variable (univariate) Summarize the relationship between two variables (bivariate) Summarize the relationship between three or more variables (multivariate) CANNOT infer INFERENTIAL unless youhaveee “Inferring” the results of an analysis to a larger i population. /Statistical Involves statistical 95 null “hypothesis testing”. hypothesis Also involves descriptive statistics. & effect Establishes…….cause relationship p e % 8 Discrete & continuous variables DISCRETE VARIABLES Measured in units that cannot be subdivided…….contain Variable classified in whole units….. no fractions Dichotomous variables, categorical variables. female) – Dichotomous…… only 2 possible outcomes Imale – Scores = whole integers (e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3, …) – Example: Number of people per household. Discrete clear gaps #'S , outcome - CONTINUOUS VARIALBES Measured in a unit that can be subdivided infinitely. Variable taking on a value along a continuum……. gaps Infinite number of fractional components……. theory) practice you Limited by the precision of the testing instrument. – Example: Age moves with time blc age no in in , cannot have infinite #'s 9 Research study design DEPENDENT VARIABLE Measuring an outcome. Examples: Blood alcohol content (mg or %…..0.08% Ontario driving). Number of SARS CoV2 infections in Ontario (1,553,431, Jan. 1, ↑ 2023). unit outcomesent Median household income in Ontario ($74,260….before taxes). INDEPENDENT VARIABLE A factor influencing an outcome…..i.e., the dependent variable. Examples: Number of alcoholic drinks (I.V.)…….. blood alcohol level (DV) Residential location (I.V.)……... #of SARS CoV2 infections (DV) Level of education (I.V.)……household outcome variable I some have a income 10 Principles of measurement research) Precision la factor for quantitative Refers to the exactness of a measure Sensitivity of testing instrument Examples: Measuring heart rate…..whole numbers. Surveys/questionnaires Limited set of options/categories…..add more? 11 Measurement scales Nominal scale Identification scores…..does not measure amount or value. CH category Counting the number of occurrences…... in Classifies groups or responses…... W/ no particular order Examples: Do professional athletes make too much money? Yes or no? could also scale University academic departments…... Psychology biology , history etc Sex at birth (female, male)…...2 categories Sex at birth, variant (female, intersex, male)…...3 categories Gender (man, non-binary person, woman). , Statistics Canada, October 1, 2021. Classification of gender (statcan.gc.ca) , use Likert for more acurracy. individual person , : animal , Criteria busines 1. Mutually exclusive = There must be one and only one category for each case. 2. Exhaustive = A category must exist for every possible score that might be found……discrete, very finite number of categories. 3. Homogeneous = Categories should include cases that are comparable. have a similarity 12 Measurement scales Ordinal scale Categorical scale with a natural order. Scores only indicate a position between items. Examples: Income level…. low middle high very high Personality trait….. extraversion low to high Opinion surveys (“Agree”, “Strongly agree”) Clinical measurement of muscle strength. , , , , 13 Measurement scales Interval scale Describes an actual quantity......numerical values Equal amount separates scores........ e. interval Can have negative numbers, no true zero. Examples: Temperature (Celsius or Fahrenheit), age (years), Financial income (dollars). status (dollars) financial Variables....... temperature age dollars , Units...... Celcius or farenheit years i , Status , , Ratio scale Scores represent the true “amount” of the variable that is present. Scores scaled to a true zero. Examples: employee salaries, age Interval-ratio variables……. overlap 14 Inferential statistics Population vs. sample Parameters and statistics (rarely measured measured assumed Parameters……. calculated observationa direct Statistics…... or sample population statistic parameter mean X μ variance s σ standard deviation s σ 2 2 15 Inferential statistics of Performing mathematical calculations…...statisticss... from sample Infer that the observations are…….reflective of the larger population Greater probability of occurrence than….. random chance a people ? -if you Stop here its purely 16 descriptive Probability sampling element of the every of being selected * population has the equal chance Simple random sampling Conceptually, represents the population assumes it empirical ↑ Table of random numbers All digits have an equal chance to occur Sampling with replacement random sampling After 1 unit is selected, it has the equal chance of being selected again unit could be selected again Sampling without replacement After 1 unit is selected, it has no further chance of being selected -unit selected a only - is - - once once 17 WILL BE ON MIOTerm Systematic sampling researcher first makes a: 1) List of accessible population Residents in listed 519 area code…. = & 50, 000 population 2) Determine interval size (I): interael I = population size / sample size N = 500 I = 50,000 / 500 = 100 3) Randomly select a number between 0 and I = k…….. 41 4) Every kth person in each interval is your sample. 41, 41 + 41 + 1 = 83, 83 + 41 + 1 = 125, ….. 5) # of respondents / sample size..8% (119 / 500) x 100% = 23 · response 0 1 2 3... 41 0 1 2 3.. 40 41 41 42 43 44.. 82 83 rate 18 Stratified random sample Dividing the population into sub-groups Example: males and females, university majors Proportional stratified sample Separates the population into different categories and randomly selects a sample from each category. percentage -AKA Create the same relative number of samples in each category. Example: PSYC 2360 (N = 300, n = 148 Social Psychology, n = 97 Neuroscience, n = 55 other majors) from each BA program Goal…... Obtain 50 % representation same Social Psychology = 74 students Neuroscience = 49 students (rounding up Other majors = 28 students (rounding up) Potential problem? statistical analysis issue unequal sample... sizes 19 Disproportional sampling Performed with different size populations. Purpose of creating equal sample sizes. Create the same absolute number of samples in each category. Example: PSYC 2360 (N = 300, n = 148 Social Psychology, n = 97 Neuroscience, n = 55 other majors) Sample to create 30 in each group. students) Social Psychology = 20 % (of all Psychology Neuroscience = 31% Other majors = 55 % Potential problem? other majors students over-represented 20 Cluster sampling Divide population into sub-groups (clusters) according to specified criteria Randomly select a pre-specified number of clusters Randomly select a pre-specified number of participants from each cluster Source: Elections Canada. City of Toronto | Maps Corner | Elections Canada Online 21 often takes Non-probability sampling place universities in & in research Convenience sample labs Participants chosen based on availability Bias of self-selection Most popular method used Quota sampling Stopping the selection once an adequate number is achieved Purposive sampling Researcher “hand-picks” participants on the basis of specified criteria Researcher establishes Inclusion and exclusion criteria Snowball sampling “Chain-referral” from participants to other participants to participate will * · · participants All are spread through word similair of mouth the to opportunity convenience sampling 22 Sampling issues Self-Reports Research participants provide information directly. Surveys, questionnaires. Advantages efficient time Administration……. convenient cost-effective , First-hand experience from participants. Disadvantages Social desirability concerns The tendency for respondents to provide answers that make them look good. Reporting physical activity level, grade point average, dietary recall….. no verification , 23 Sampling issues Disadvantages Potential demand characteristics A cue that makes participants potentially aware of what the experimenter expects….. perception bias... losing objectivity Instrument……. should be free from leading responses Possible retrospective bias When participants view or interpret past events in an inaccurate way. Dietary recall…... may omit "unhealthy" foods... problem ? accident vehicle Previous trauma…… motor Retro- or ante-grade amnesia. ↑ getting Stuff before trauma getting Stuffer traun How to deal with the disadvantages? Instrument reliability AND validity…….won't be perfect 24 Behavioral measures Behavioral Measure Can include physiological measures. (ex lie detector test) Types of Behavioral Measures Behavioral Trace A behavioral measure that relies on evidence left behind by a participant who is no longer present. Evaluating…... Workplace setting... influenced responses Behavioral Observation A behavioral measure that relies on directly seeing or observing behavior. Educational setting……. direct observation of children playing Behavioral Choice A behavioral measure in which participants purposefully select from several options.. 25 Behavioral measures Definition Example Behavioral trace A behavioral measure that relies on evidence left behind by a participant who is no longer present. Determining how worn out the floor is in front of the exhibit as a measure of exhibit popularity. Behavioral observation A behavioral measure that relies on directly seeing or observing behavior. Timing how long a person will work on an unsolvable puzzle as a measure of motivation. Behavioral choice A behavioral measure involving participants making a purposeful selection from several options. Giving a person the option to work in a group or alone on the next task in a study as a measure of group affiliation. past present future 26 Evaluating behavioral measures Participant reactivity Participants act differently or unnaturally because they know someone is watching them. Unobtrusive Measures Strategies that allow for observation and assessment without the participants’ awareness….intentional deception? Serendipitous ↑ observations? you got ! P& P REB the ask research Unethical??..... policy a procedures finding did you not expect 27 Outcome (dependent) variables Behavioral Measures: Measurement or assessment of a person’s behavior. Attitudinal Measures: Measurement or assessment of a person’s feelings toward a particular topic. Cognitive Measures: Measurement or assessment of a person’s mental ability (e.g., memory or intelligence). Physiological Measures: Measurement or assessment of a biological characteristic Short-term memory test, K-12 (e.g., heart rate, galvanic skin response). University of Washington 28 Floor and ceiling effects ↓ ceiling effect & Ceiling Effect…..Upper boundary of measurement tool is set Floor Effect….. Lower boundary of measurement tool set too high a a is floo effect too low 29 PSYC 2360 Plan for Research Proposal (10% of final course grade) Maximum 5 pages double spaced DUE DATE: Friday February 16, 2024 (11:59 PM) DROPBOX submission (Courselink) Label the sections of your plan for the research proposal as follows: 1) Introduction: (5) Please outline your current plan for your research proposal: a) Reason for interest in the topic (i.e., personal or academic) b) Research question(s) c) Hypothesis or hypotheses d) Variables of interest (independent/dependent) e) Operational definitions for the identified variables of interest 2. Methodology (5) Please describe how you plan to test your research question: a) Participants b) Materials c) Procedure 3) Annotated bibliography (10) Please summarize three (3) related peer reviewed journal articles. Use APA style, 7th edition. For each article, please the brief summary should communicate: a) What did they do? b) What did they find? c) What does it mean, i.e., relevance to your proposal Total: /20