PSY442 Exam 2 Study Guide PDF

PSY442 Exam 2 Study Guide Layout- 1 page and use the same paper, font, and headers as the resume. Important considerations– address it to the specific person, organization, and position (don’t send a “to whom it may concern” Greeting with a colon (not a comma) in business/ professional writin...

PSY442 Exam 2 Study Guide Layout- 1 page and use the same paper, font, and headers as the resume. Important considerations– address it to the specific person, organization, and position (don’t send a “to whom it may concern” Greeting with a colon (not a comma) in business/ professional writing. Effective letters are upbeat, concise, and direct No errors or erasures The application letter (cover letter)– do not focus on why you are looking for a job; explain why you want to work for that specific organization Introductory paragraph should include how you heard about the position, and let the reader know why you selected this company Keep your essay positive, do not mention potential liabilities Make sure your statement fits with the graduate program mission Follow guidelines exactly Do not exceed the page limit or word limit Modify for each school/program Content of the personal statement– identify your education and career goal, explain how you became interested in the field Highlight your specific education and occupational experiences that facilitate your desire to achieve a graduate degree in the field Explain why you want to attend to that particular program/ university Explain your personal attributes that make you a good fit for the program and future career. Always remember this is your professional representation of your Do not engage in excessive self-disclosure that takes away from the important point Do not engage ‘excessive altruism’ Self-disclosure: Self-disclosure rule of reciprocity–individuals should match another person’s disclosure with their own disclosure that is equally revealing. Equivocate– a person uses unclear of ambiguous language to avoid answering a question, mislead another person and/or deceive someone. Pluralistic deceit– (multiple lies) attempting to project personalities that will please and attract desirable mates. May involve misrepresentations, deceptions, and lies of omission in the initials stages of courtship Social penetration theory– as relationships go from very casual to very intimate, the more self-disclosure increases; relationships progress from superficial and less intimate communication to deeper, more intimate communication Early stages of dating romantic partners will often keep protective outer layers and disclose fairly shallow information As a relationship grows and becomes more serious,intimate and committed, there is an expectation for greater self-disclosure of intimate and personal information. Greater self disclosure helps the relationship grow and contributes to relationship maintenance Relationship starts breaking down and self-disclosure is withdrawn which quickly ends the relationship (de-penetration stage) Conflicting views regarding self-disclosure– self-disclosure in friendships and romantic relationships was positively related to enhance relationship esteem, and quality (satisfaction, love, commitment) Couples who took turns self-disclosing reported GREATER degree of attraction When self disclosure was done online was negatively related to intimacy and satisfaction in romantic relationships. However, when the disclosure was about positive parts of the relationship, it was beneficial to the relationship Transactional Analysis: Transactional analysis overview- people are fundamental okay (each person has value and worth) TA focuses on interaction patterns between individuals People are responsible for and in control of their own feelings, thoughts, and behaviors People have the ability to change, grow, and engage in healthy interactions Desire for recognition is the basic motivating force in people Human personality is divided into 3 EGO STATES (parent, adult, child) Personal problems arise from within the personality. Transaction– basic unit of social intercourse (anything that happens between 2 people) Rituals– are structured transactions Strokes– provide recognition and attention to another person. Can be verbal, nonverbal and or electronic  People NEED strokes to survive and thrive Positive stroke– (warm fuzzies) refer to any recognition that is direct, appropriate and relevant that leaves the recipient feeling significant Negative stroke- (cold pricklies) any recognition that is negative Non-stroke– no recognition; any stroke is better that a non-stroke When people do not get positive strokes, they seek any kind they can even if it’s negative. Recognition hunger– people desire and seek out strokes During childhood, we learn strategies and behaviors that get strokes Strokes can be internal or external Internal strokes- self praise, self-soothing behaviors, fantasies External strokes- strokes from others Stroke reservoir–stored up strokes; people need to keep their reservoir filled to feel good about themselves. People have different sized reservoirs (need different number of strokes to feel GOOD) Stroke value–each stroke carries value based on the content and individual who delivers the stroke Filtered stroke–individuals interpret strokes so as to maintain their subjective life position Unconditional stroke– have no strings attached Conditional stroke– have strings attached and are designed to change someone’s behavior Performance-oriented stroke–strokes are only given when a person performs a certain behavior, meets a certain goal and or produced a good result. Rules for conditional strokes are known Accommodation-oriented stroke– strokes must be earned but rules are unknown Conformity-compromised/oriented stroke– strokes are withheld when a person does not conform or follow rules Life positions–  I’m not Ok, You’re Ok- person sees others as capable where they are not I’m not Ok, You’re not Ok- a person sees one’s self, as well as others, as not worthwhile. People who attempt suicide were often in this life position. I’m Ok, You’re not Ok- often facilitated by surviving a very traumatic life experience involving SO; can result in individuals who exploit or harm others because they believe anything they do is justified. I’m Ok, You’re Ok- in a setting where unconditional; positive strokes are given out Natural Child-(most emotional and spontaneous) represents the natural and spontaneous impulses/emotions of a very young child. Little Professor–represents a thoughtful, wise, creative, inquisitive, or imaginative child who knows how to manipulate others to get what they want Critical Parent– finds faults, criticizes others, passes judgements and/ or blames others. Nurturing Parent– provides support, nurturance, comfort, sympathy and protection Prejudicial Parent– reflects the attitudes set by authority figures. Regurgitates what they heard over and over. Adult– objectively deal with reality, computer metaphor. Reciprocal or complementary transaction vs a crossed transaction–E Lee’s types of love(note: you will not have to distinguish between Lee’s types of love and love languages) Eros- consumed by passion and romance, touch and sex. Believes in love at first sight. Breakups are often explosive and painful Storge- life long friends and companions at love. Often starts as friends. Physical intimacy comes later in the relationship Ludus- Views love as play and fun, as a game to get the greatest reward for the least cost. Dislikes dependency and sex is usually self-centered. Agapic- selfless, forgiving, giving, and expects nothing in return. Assume when a loved one causes pain, the lover is acting in ignorance/innocence Pragma– logical,logical, and rational perspective. Can’t invest live in ‘unworthy’ love objects. Look for realistically their own assets, decided on their market value and then try to get the best deals Mania– consumed by intense emotion and sexual passion and is obsessed with their love object. Have mood swings (e.g. ecstasy to despair) Insecure, can be jealous, possessive, and controlling, may have sexual problems. General considerations regarding the type of lovers– men were more ludic and erotic. While women tended to be more storgic, manic, and pragmatic. Men believe more in ‘love at first sight’ Men reported being more romantic than women. Women were more practical in their views of live Married couples have similar love styles. Agapic is the predominant style. Higher levels of Erotic and lower levels of ludic were related to increased to increased marital satisfaction Passionate, friendly, and selfless love were related to more marital satisfaction. Ludic love was related to less marital satisfaction. Love languages: Words of affirmation–using word/ verbal messages to express love Quality time–spending time and giving undivided attention to your significant love Receiving gifts–expressing love through giving/receiving gifts. Gift represents that you thought about your significant other when you were apart. Acts of service–expressing love by engaging in activities that help your significant other Physical touch–expressing love by physically available and accessible to significant other Lovers compared to friends: Lovers/spouses are less accepting of each other than friends Lovers/spouses, compared to friends, have a greater desire to change the other. Lovers/spouses are more willing to criticize their partners than their friends Lovers/spouses are more concerned their relationship would end than friends Love relationships have more fascination, higher exclusiveness, more sexual desire, and more depth of caring.