Intro Psych-Unit 2 Study Guide and Key PDF

Unit 2 study Guide 1. What are the functions of glial cells 2. How is neural communication electrical a. How is it chemical 3. What is the difference between excitatory and inhibitory 4. What is the difference between white and gray brain matter 5. What is multiple scl...

Unit 2 study Guide 1. What are the functions of glial cells 2. How is neural communication electrical a. How is it chemical 3. What is the difference between excitatory and inhibitory 4. What is the difference between white and gray brain matter 5. What is multiple sclerosis 6. The brain uses how much of the body’s blood supply 7. The brain uses up what percentage of the calories you eat 8. Be familiar with how each of the drugs/poisons discussed in class can act as agonists or antagonists on the different neurotransmitters 9. What are the divisions of the nervous system and what do they do 10. What are the three types of neurons within the body 11. What are the three components of emotion 12. Know all of the different theories of emotion 13. What are the structures of the central core a. What do each of them do? 14. What are the structures of the limbic system a. What do each of them do 15. The cerebral cortex accounts for what percentage of total brain volume 16. What is the homunculus and what does it show us 17. What does the somatosensory cortex control a. What happens if it gets damaged 18. What do the visual and auditory cortex control a. What happens when they get damaged 19. What is the association cortex a. What happens if it gets damaged 20. What is neuroplasticity 21. What is Broca’s aphasia 22. What is Wernicke’s aphasia 23. What does the structures of intelligent people’s brains look like 24. What do we mean when we say specialization of hemispheres 25. What are the key characteristics of the different stages of sleep a. How much time do we spend in REM 26. What are the four main functions of sleep 27. What are the results of sleep deprivation 28. Know the different theories of why we dream 29. Be able to label the diagram of the cerebral cortex Study Guide Key 1. What are the functions of glial cells- take away waste products, insulation, keep neuron’s chemical environment stable, reinforce certain neural connections 2. How is neural communication electrical-within a neuron, sends an electrical impulse down the axon to reach axon terminals a. How is it chemical-between neurons; sends neurotransmitters across the synapse to the next neuron 3. What is the difference between excitatory and inhibitory- a. Excitatory-will generate an electrical impulse b. Inhibitory- will not generate an electrical impulse 4. What is the difference between white and gray brain matter- white is myelinated gray is not 5. What is multiple sclerosis-deterioration of the myelin sheath 6. The brain uses how much of the body’s blood supply-20% 7. The brain uses up what percentage of the calories you eat- 20-30% 8. Be familiar with how each of the drugs/poisons discussed in class can act as agonists or antagonists on the different neurotransmitters a. Acetylcholine: agonists-black widow venom/ antagonist-botulism, curare b. Dopamine: agonist-amphetamines, cocaine, l-dopa c. Serotonin- agonist-cocaine, antidepressants d. Norepinephrine: agonist- SSNRI’s  e. GABA: agonist-tranquilizers (inhibitory) f. Glutamate: excitatory g. Endorphins: agonist- morphine, heroin 9. What are the divisions of the nervous system and what do they do a. Central and peripheral nervous i. Central- brain and spinal cord ii. Peripheral- somatic(controls voluntary muscles) and autonomic(controls involuntary) 1. Autonomic- sympathetic(fight or flight) and parasympathetic(rest and digest) 10. What are the three types of neurons within the body: motor, sensory, interneurons 11. What are the three components of emotion- behavioral, cognitive, physical 12. Know all of the different theories of emotion a. James-Lange: emotion occurs after the physiological and behavioral response b. Cannon-Bard: all three (physical, behavioral, and cognitive) will occur at the same time but independently c. Schachter-Singer: cognitive appraisal must come before emotion and will be needed to identify what emotion we are feeling; physical response tells us how intense the emotion will be 13. What are the structures of the central core a. What do each of them do? i. Medulla- regulates essential functions  ii. Pons- pathway between cerebellum and rest of brain; involved in sleep and dreaming iii. Reticular formation- controls levels of arousal and consciousness iv. Cerebellum- coordination of movements, sense of balance, motor learning v. Thalamus-relay station for incoming sensory information vi. Basal ganglia- initiation of physical movements 14. What are the structures of the limbic system: hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala a. What do each of them do: hypothalamus- controls pituitary gland and directs functions of the endocrine system b. Hippocampus- formation of new memories and neurogenesis c. Amygdala- regulates emotional experiences 15. The cerebral cortex accounts for what percentage of total brain volume-80% 16. What is the homunculus and what does it show us- depiction of amount of area in the motor cortex devoted to various body parts based on their complexity 17. What does the somatosensory cortex control- processing of body sensations like pressure, temperature, limb position, and pain a. What happens if it gets damaged- numbness, tingling, phantom limb pain 18. What do the visual and auditory cortex control- seeing and hearing a. What happens when they get damaged-visual agnosia: can’t recognizes pieces as part of a whole b. Amusia- tone deafness 19. What is the association cortex- location of higher level processing; contains fusiform face area  a. What happens if it gets damaged- trouble with decision making, reasoning, perception b. Prosopagnosia- inability to recognize faces (including ones own) 20. What is neuroplasticity-ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to internal and external stimuli by reorganizing its structure, functions, or connections after injuries 21. What is Broca’s aphasia- inability to generate fluent speech while maintaining the ability to understand speech 22. What is Wernicke’s aphasia- incoherent speech and inability to understand the speech of others or to read; word salad 23. What does the structures of intelligent people’s brains look like- more folds, and higher glial-cell to neuron ratio 24. What do we mean when we say specialization of hemispheres: information brought in on the right side of the body is processed on the left side of the brain; information brought in on the left side of the body is processed on the right side of the brain 25. What are the key characteristics of the different stages of sleep a. Stage 2-sleep spindles b. Stage 3- very brief c. Stage 4- delta waves d. REM- body paralyzed, dreaming, rapid brain waves e. How much time do we spend in REM- 20-25% of total sleep 26. What are the four main functions of sleep a. Restorative- body does repair  b. Gene activity- production of myelin c. Consolidation- store important information; delete irrelevant information d. Adaptive process- keep safe 27. What are the results of sleep deprivation: impaired concentration, weakness, hallucinations, prone to accidents, suppressed immune system, shorter life span 28. Know the different theories of why we dream a. Activation-synthesis theory: neurons in the pons fire randomly, sending signals to the limbic system b. Neurocognitive theory: activation-synthesis theory plus, dreams are a meaningful product of cognitive abilities 29. Be able to label the diagram of the cerebral cortex