Psychology Exam 1 PDF

Psychology Exame 1 Extra point 1- Who was the first person to call himself a psychologist? Ans: Wilhelm Bunt was the first person to refer to himself as a psychologist. 2- A study conducted on a group of high schoolers to see if a certain intervention could help teenagers who have been the victi...

Psychology Exame 1 Extra point 1- Who was the first person to call himself a psychologist? Ans: Wilhelm Bunt was the first person to refer to himself as a psychologist. 2- A study conducted on a group of high schoolers to see if a certain intervention could help teenagers who have been the victim of child abuse would be considered... Ans: applied research the keyword would be intervention. An intervention means I am directly engaging with a population experiencing a specific issue, and my goal is to address and resolve that issue. Applied research examples are interventions, drugs, and Prozac. \*Basic research involves conducting studies to understand what is happening and gathering information about a concept of interest without any immediate intention of applying the findings. Examples of basic research are survey studies and different experiments. \*Correlational research involves examining the relationship between two variables, but it does not provide any information about the cause or nature of that relationship. Ex: is often conducted through survey studies. 3---If we are recruiting a sample for a study but do not know how to locate participants, we may use ***snowball sampling.*** This method involves one participant helping us locate other participants who meet our criteria. Ans: snowball sampling. \*Convenience sampling: we select participants based on who is readily available to us, such as standing outside a library and asking every student who passes by if they\'d like to participate in the study. \*Random Sample: we have access to the population, and every individual within that population has an equal chance of being selected to participate in my study. 4- The part of the neuron that receives information is called the **dendrite** and the part of neuron that sends information is called **axon**. \*Glial cells are additional cell bodies in the brain that support and assist neurons. Einstein had lots of glial cells, which helped his neurons function better and helped make him a genius. 5- In an interview study, if a researcher asks about a participant's sexual activity or drug use, the participant may be affected by social desirability and not answer truthfully. Ans: social desirability. Social desirability refers to the tendency of individuals to respond in a manner they believe will be considered socially acceptable. 6- If a survey asks participants to rate how much they agree with a statement (strongly, agree, slightly agree, neutral, slightly disagree, strongly disagree), what do we call this? Ans: Likert scale. \*A forced-choice scale is similar to multiple choice, where you are provided with a limited set of options to choose from. This very question is an example of a forced choice scale. I am given a set number of answers and must choose one. This approach is generally not ideal for psychological research because it can limit the depth and nuance of participants\' responses. 7- Which of the following is NOT true about the Endocrine System? ANS: All of the above are true: It is a network of glands throughout the body; It is slower than the Central Nervous System; It controls hormone production; and The hypothalamus controls it. 8---Observational research in which researchers setup a fake situation and then watch what participants do is called a... Ans: Contrived observation. \*Concealed observation occurs when participants are unaware they are being observed, meaning their behavior is monitored without their knowledge. \*The question does not specify whether it is in the lab or naturalistic settings. 9- The dependent variable in this study is...' Ans: number of sneezes in 2 hours. That's what we are counting at the end of it. 10- The independent variable in this study is... Ans: type of drug because that is how I divide my group into two, and it\'s the method I use to compare them. \*A placebo is a sugar pill; a study made with a placebo will be totally different. In this study, I directly asked participants if they believed they were taking the placebo, why they thought so, and whether they had experienced any effects as a result of the placebo. 11- This drug study would be considered a qualitative study. Ans: False. The study is counting and literally recording the number of sneezes because qualitative research involves words; this is quantitative research, as it deals with numbers. 12 - The parietal lobe is the last part of the brain to fully develop. Ans: False, because the frontal lobe, specifically the prefrontal cortex, is the last part of the brain to develop, typically maturing in a person\'s early to mid-twenties. 13- Most people use one hemisphere of the brain more than the other. Ans: False \*The right side of the brain is associated with more abstract and creative thinking, focusing on tasks like imagination, intuition, and artistic expression. \*The left side of the brain is more focused on language, math, and logical tasks, but both sides are essential and constantly communicating. 14- It is never ethical to hide the true purpose of a study on the consent form. Ans: False \*the researchers can hide the true purpose of a study because, for example, if they were to reveal that the goal is to determine whether you are more violent after playing two hours of Call of Duty, it would likely influence your behavior and affect the results. The consent form has to tell you the risks and benefits but they don\'t have to explain why I\'m conducting certain parts of the study. 15 -- Hormones are the key ingredient when a synapse fires. Ans: False \*Hormones are part of the endocrine system, while synapses and neurons belong to the nervous system. Synapses release neurotransmitters, which help transmit signals between neurons. 16- Endorphins are naturally occurring opioids. Ans: True Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are neurotransmitters because they relate to the nervous system. 17/18- What happened to Phineas Gage? Why is he important in psychology? Ans: 1) Question: He was a railroad worker who experienced an explosion that caused a metal rod to pass through his skull, damaging part of his frontal lobe. After the accident, his personality drastically changed. 2\) Question: since he survived and we were able to study him with this severe brain damage, we discovered that his personality changed afterward. This led to the realization that the brain plays a crucial role in personality and behavior. 19- If I want to know about the structure and function of the brain, what medical tool would I use? Ans: It is a Functional MRI 20 -- Explain the saying " Correlation is not causation" Ans: Just because two things are related does not mean one caused the other. \*Causation means something is causing something to happen. \*A correlation means there is a relationship between two variables. As one variable changes, the other also changes---either increases together (positive correlation) or increases while the other decreases (negative correlation). 21- If I want to study people's perceptions, emotions, thoughts, and beliefs, what kind of psychology would I be associated with? Ans: Cognitive psychology is the study of how people\'s minds work. \*Social psychology focuses on how people interact with others and how their behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by their relationships with others and by society as a whole. 22/23 The **Sympathetic** Nervous System is about "fight or flight" (also, anxiety) and the **Parasympathetic** Nervous System calms us following that "fight or flight" reaction. 24- 24/25 Which part of the Nervous System is like the main highway? What parts of the body are involved? Ans: The Central Nervous System The spine and brain 26 -- The night hemisphere of the brain controls the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls the right side. This crossover occurs in which part of the brain? Ans: The brain\'s right hemisphere controls the left side of the body, while the left hemisphere controls the right side. This crossover occurs in the brainstem. 27/28 -- Psychology often focuses on nature and nurture. What does "nature" mean in psychology? What does "nurture" mean? Ans: Nature refers to what you are born with---your DNA, genetics, and the physical aspects of your body. It encompasses the biological traits you inherit. Nurture encompasses everything else---your environment, culture, and the influence of your parents and society. All these external factors shape who you become beyond your biological makeup. 29- Explain what an SSRI, like Prozac, does to neurotransmitters. Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors, like Prozac, work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. Normally, after a neuron sends a signal, any unused serotonin in the synaptic gap is reabsorbed by the sending neuron through reuptake. SSRIs inhibit this reuptake, leaving more serotonin available in the brain, which can help improve mood. Additionally, since the neuron isn\'t reabsorbing the serotonin, it may be encouraged to produce more. The goal of using SSRIs is to increase the amount of serotonin in the brain to alleviate low or depressed moods. 30- Our brain changes as we develop, experience different things, learn new skills, practice our hobbies, etc. What is this flexibility of the brain and the growth/pruning of neural connections called? Ans: The flexibility of the neural connections is Neuroplasticity. EXTRA CREDIT: Which part of the brain is not working properly when someone has an alcohol-induced blackout? Ans: the hippocampus is your memory center.