Cognitive Psychology Module 1 Introduction PDF

Cognitive Psychology Course Code: C-PSYM311 Professor Margaret T. Aribon | De La Salle University - Dasmarinas Photo Credit: https://julienpacaud.com/Usbek-Rica Week 1: Course Introduction https://i.pinimg.com/originals/1...

Cognitive Psychology Course Code: C-PSYM311 Professor Margaret T. Aribon | De La Salle University - Dasmarinas Photo Credit: https://julienpacaud.com/Usbek-Rica Week 1: Course Introduction https://i.pinimg.com/originals/13/c6/09/13c609efc368217dd86f885116271c94.jpg Instructor and Student Introductions How can Cognitive Psychology be applied to real world problems? https://i.pinimg.com/474x/f4/9b/a0/f49ba00b59455c456298197caca41960.jpg The Reliability of Memory in Eyewitnesses https://i.pinimg.com/474x/46/8c/2f/468c2f52c63db0e7c2263904ae612af1.jpg Course Objectives What to expect? Integrate concepts, theories and research ndings to speci c mental processes involved behind conscious or unconscious behavior Analyze the role of the human brain in explaning mental processes and behavior Increase self-awareness Generate an understanding of Cognitive Psychology by being aware of the issues of human functioning, intervention, research and emerging perspectives in the eld. https://i.pinimg.com/564x/d9/05/8a/d9058a57a1b905b479d2c140af38779a.jpg fi fi fi Class Beadle Serve as a middle man between professor and the class Directly report to me for requests, concerns, announcements, cease res, etc. Create a seatplan Incentives fi Requirements Coursework (readings, enabling assessments, summative assessments) End of term paper - summary of everything you learned in this course https://i.pinimg.com/564x/d4/63/3d/d4633d c2cf6e1ec8aa6cc897486ca3.jpg ff Reading Assignment Cognitive Psychology by Nick Braisby Chapter - Foundations on Cognitive Psychology Week 2: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology: History, Trends, Definition Foundational Questions in Cognitive Psychology How does memory work? How do we understand and produce language? How do we perceive and interpret our environment? How do we reason, solve problems and think? How does abnormal functionining (ex. Brain damage, psychiatric conditions) shed light on cognitive processes? https://i.pinimg.com/564x/c0/77/7f/c0777f6edf4edea0bcd250621c0230ed.jpg Morning Routine Waking up earlier Setting an intention Finding an o ine activity that recharges you (ex. Journaling) Find one thing that will make you smile (ex. Greeting a member of your household a good morning) Get Physical Exercise https://i.pinimg.com/564x/b8/85/6f/b8856f40abade6058f8b21b2cb624642.jpg ffl Core Topics in Cognitive Psychology 1. Perception 2. Attentional Processes 3. Memory 4. Language 5. Decision-Making Processes https://i.pinimg.com/564x/a7/82/44/a78244b7fb65c52691066 7cba8d5ac.jpg ff Cognitive Science, Defined. Scienti c study of the mind Interested in the way we organize and process information How these mental processes contribute to decision making, our behavior and how we make sense of our environment. https://i.pinimg.com/564x/5b/5e/23/5b5e23b2b492b40dc76f4dcca41d8240.jpg fi STIMULUS RESPONSE Black Box Representation The Challenge How do Cognitive Psychologists study something that can’t be directly observed? Methods in Cognitive Psychology Experiments Cognitive Modeling Neuropsychological investigation Neuroimaging (brain scans) https://i.pinimg.com/564x/1e/ea/11/1eea1156b9397fb5a9da5ed5360ea517.jpg RAT MAZE An experiment by E.C. Tolman Learning can be explained through conditioning (reinforcement) Even without the reward, he discovered that the rats created a mental representation of the maze Latent learning https://i.pinimg.com/564x/1f/7d/d7/1f7dd732ee886a52a0fbcf32b5673cd5.jpg COMPUTER AND INFORMATION-PROCESSING MODELS OF COGNITION David Marr, Neuroscientist Likened the mind to computers If computers process information, and information processing is what our minds do, then our minds can be modeled as computers. https://i.pinimg.com/564x/81/8a/b2/818ab2c5b980e1ae40f6324628f93d2f.jpg STANDARDIZED TESTS Psychometrics Speci cally designed tasks used to measure a psychological function known to be linked to a particular brain stucture or pathway Example: (Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)) fi Brain Categorization Kriegeskorte et al. (2000) Examined brain activity in human volunteers and monkeys Found evidence that the brain represents categories in di erent ways. Viewing objects of the same category tended to elicit similar patterns of activity. https://i.pinimg.com/564x/5e/24/fa/5e24fafcc9abadc9aabcc2549dcb7da4.jpg ff HISTORY How did Cognitive Psychology came about? https://themindsjournal.com/readersblog/caption-11-april/ Timeline Introspectionism Gestalt Psychology Behaviorism Cognitive Revolution Computers and the Mind https://i.pinimg.com/564x/33/d0/82/33d082ad24853cb3574ed0c237780aca.jpg 1 INTROSPECTIONISM 18th Century Method of studying psychological processes based on systematic self-observation of thoughts, perceptions, feelings and bodily sensations. Considered as an experimental technique Wilhelm Wundt Established the rst Psychological laboratory in Leipzig in 1879 Method: Experimental Self-Observation The laboratory sought to take consciousness as the proper subject matter of psychology. More focused on the conscious experiences that preceded people’s responses. Contents of Consciousness = Bottom- Up Processing fi Experimental Self- Observation Trained people to analyze the contents of their own thoughts. To understand the mind, it looked into the underlying processes and activities that occur when people experience the world. Oswald Kulpe WÜRZBURG SCHOOL Opposed Wundt’s school of thought Focused on complex mental acts Contents of Consciousness = Top-Down Processing Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down Processing BOTTOM-UP TOP-DOWN - Stimulus in uences our - Uses background perception knowledge, expectations - information is processed to in uence perception from simple to complex - Using information that we already know fl fl What do you see? 2 GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY The whole is greater than the sum of its parts Contents of consciousness cannot be analysed into simple component sensations. Emphasized the importance of the perception of stimulus- patterning into our conscious experience. Highlighted the the importance of patterning, organization, and perception in relation to action. Max Wertheimer Psychologist, 1880-1943 Founder of Gestalt Psychology Examined psychological phenomena as structural wholes, rather than separate components Developed Gestalt Psychology after observing what he called Phi Phenomenon  Phi Phenomenon Motion is dependent upon the relational characteristics of the stimuli When Motion is perceived, the observer’s nervous system do not register the physical input in a piecemeal way Perceptual experience arises into existence as a whole with di erentiated parts. ff  3 BEHAVIORISM Early 1900s Argued that Psychology is the study of behavior, not the mind Emphasis on what we can directly observe, measure and control Less focus on consciousness because it cannot be observed O ers little account on Complex Behaviors https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ Operant_Conditioning_Involves_Choice.png/220px- Operant_Conditioning_Involves_Choice.png ff John B. Watson 1878-1958 Wanted to move psychology out of the laboratory and into everyday life To apply psychology in education, clinical problems and advertising Desired the eld of psychology to gain scienti c acceptance fi fi  https://i.pinimg.com/564x/7e/35/5c/ https://i.pinimg.com/564x/07/56/6f/ 7e355c35e9fd7f3b38e59a24396546e3.jpg 07566f37c067721b96deb3123f7c720a.jp 4 COGNITIVE REVOLUTION Late 1950s to 1960s Shift from behaviorism to cognitive psychology Behaviorism cannot explain complex behaviors (example: language production) https://i.pinimg.com/474x/f9/5c/6c/f95c6c8bdc5ed08cdb592ea215733d0e.jpg Karl Lashley Critiqued behaviorism for failing to explain complex behaviors Tasks like language production involved planning and organization beyond stimulus- response Complex sequences of behavior are planned and organized in advanced of being initiated Pianists Noah Chomsky Language is rule based and far from the rules of Stimulus - Response Knowledge of underlying rules or organization cannot be direcly observed Emphasized the role of planning, organization, rules in the generation of behavior (just like gestalt) Language abilities result from cognitive processes inherent in humans https://i.pinimg.com/564x/a3/20/6b/a3206b008de4e30fe0f2f9ac7396be5d.jpg Children & Language Behaviorists: one learns language through conditioning processes (e.g. through imitating others and feedback) Chomsky: children have the mental capacity to learn the rules of language without explicit feedback on the language they produce Ex: Children learn correct grammar despite being exposed to incorrect grammar The Rise of Cognitive Psychology Started studying the abstract concepts of the mind Attempts to retain the scienti c rigour of behaviorism but going beyond its limitations when in comes to explaining what is unobservable https://i.pinimg.com/564x/99/98/44/999844cb25fa3287175be51 b1459b5.jpg fi ff https://i.pinimg.com/564x/8e/5b/e5/8e5be5fd7c28d89bcf99d01958009f5f.jpg https://i.pinimg.com/564x/0c/a7/dd/0ca7dd22386b391cc9b23dd0b1eafe3f.jpg Computers and the Mind With the rise of programmable computers, it suggested that mental processes could be implemented in digital form Thus, we can better understand our minds through computers References/Sources https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10132850/authors#authors https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/what-is-cognitive- psychology#:~:text=Emotional%20regulation-,The%20History%20of%20Cognitive%2 0Psychology,thinking%20and%20focus%20for%20psychologists. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-introspection-2795252 https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/ 10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_691#:~:text=Introspection%20is%20the%20method%20 of,%2C%20feelings%2C%20and%20bodily%20sensations. https://www.verywellmind.com/edward-c-tolman- biography-2795522#:~:text=Tolman%20is%20perhaps%20best%2Dknown,they%20n ormally%20took%20was%20blocked.  http://jungminded.weebly.com/cognitive-psychology/approaches-in-cognitive- psychology#:~:text=It%20is%20quite%20a%20broad,cognitive%20science%2 0and%20cognitive%20neuroscience. https://www.britannica.com/science/Gestalt-psychology#ref277265 https://www.simplypsychology.org/tolman.html https://www.mentalhelp.net/psychological-testing/neuropsychological/ https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system- and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/bottom-up-versus-top-down- processing https://www.verywellmind.com/bottom-up-processing-and- perception-4584296 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/cognitive- neuroscience