PSY 111 Reviewer 2 PDF

PSY 111 Module 1: 1690: What is Psychology?  John Locke: Introduced the The term psychology came from the concept of "Tabula Rasa," Greek word “psyche” which means suggesting humans are born as the mind or soul and “logos...

PSY 111 Module 1: 1690: What is Psychology?  John Locke: Introduced the The term psychology came from the concept of "Tabula Rasa," Greek word “psyche” which means suggesting humans are born as the mind or soul and “logos” or study blank slates and shaped by of. When combined psychology literally experience. means the study of the mind or soul. 1879:  Wilhelm Wundt: Established the 7000 years ago: world's first experimental  Trephining: Ancient practice of psychology lab at the University of chipping holes in the skull to Leipzig, Germany. Often regarded release evil spirits, believed to as the father of psychology. cause psychological problems. 1890: 430 BCE:  William James: Established a  Hippocrates: Proposed the theory psychology lab at Harvard of the four temperaments, linking University and published personality to bodily fluids "Principles of Psychology," (humors). contributing to the functionalist  Galen: Elaborated on Hippocrates' school of thought. theory, outlining the four temperaments (Melancholic, 1900: Choleric, Sanguine, Phlegmatic).  Sigmund Freud: Founded the Melancholic: In these people, black psychodynamic perspective, bile predominates. They have a emphasizing the unconscious melancholic temperament, are very mind and childhood experiences. sensitive, and enjoy artistic pursuits. Choleric: People in this category 1904: have a higher amount of yellow bile,  Ivan Pavlov: Discovered classical which is the source of their passionate conditioning through experiments temperament. They have enormous with dogs, which became vitality and get angry quickly. foundational in behavioral Sanguine: Blood is the predominant psychology. humor in these people. They’re confident, joyful, optimistic, expressive, and sociable. Phlegmatic: The phlegmatic have a high amount of phlegm in their systems. They’re deep thinkers, fair, calm, willing to compromise, and hard workers. Classical Conditioning: - Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Naturally triggers a response (e.g., food). - Unconditioned Response (UCR): Natural reaction to UCS (e.g., salivation). - Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Initially neutral, becomes associated with UCS (e.g., bell). Operant Conditioning - Conditioned Response (CR): - Positive Reinforcement: Adding a Learned response to CS (e.g., pleasant stimulus to increase a salivation to bell). behavior (e.g., giving a treat for completing homework). 1920: - Negative Reinforcement: Removing  Gestalt Psychology: Max an unpleasant stimulus to increase a Wertheimer and others behavior (e.g., turning off a loud alarm introduced Gestalt psychology, when you wake up). focusing on the mind and behavior - Positive Punishment: Adding an as a whole. unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior (e.g., scolding for 1924: misbehavior).  John B. Watson: Published works - Negative Punishment: Removing a on behaviorism, promoting the pleasant stimulus to decrease a study of observable and behavior (e.g., taking away a toy for measurable behavior. not sharing). 1951: 1954:  Carl Rogers: Published  Abraham Maslow: Published "Client-Centered Therapy," helping "Motivation and Personality," to establish the humanistic developing the concept of perspective, which emphasizes self-actualization in his hierarchy self-actualization and free will. of needs. 1953:  B.F. Skinner: Published "Science and Human Behavior," advocating the behavioral perspective with a focus on observable behavior. 1985: internal mental processes such as  Cognitive Perspective: Gained thinking, learning, and memory, prominence, focusing on mental understanding how people acquire processes like memory, perception, and use knowledge. and attention, likening the mind to  Comparative Psychology: Studies a computer. animal behavior to gain insights into human psychology, drawing 2010: from biology and anthropology.  Neuropsychology and  Counseling Psychology: Centers Evolutionary Psychology: on helping individuals with mental Emerged as key subfields, focusing distress and psychological on the relationship between brain symptoms, providing therapy and processes, behavior, and the support. evolutionary basis of mental  Developmental Psychology: functions. Investigates how people change and grow throughout life, focusing Module 2 - Part 1: on physical, intellectual, emotional, Branches of Psychology and social development. Psychology is divided into various  Educational Psychology: Applies branches, each focusing on different psychological principles to aspects of human thought and education, improving teaching behavior. Below are some of the major methods and student outcomes. branches:  Experimental Psychology: Uses  Abnormal Psychology: Focuses scientific methods to study brain on psychopathology and abnormal function and behavior, often behavior, assessing and treating conducting research across mental health disorders like various psychological topics. anxiety and depression.  Forensic Psychology: Applies  Behavioral Psychology: psychological principles to legal Examines how behaviors are issues, including criminal behavior acquired through conditioning, analysis and courtroom focusing on observable behaviors evaluations. and their modification.  Health Psychology: Focuses on  Biopsychology: Studies how the how psychological, biological, and brain, neurons, and nervous social factors influence health, system influence behavior, aiming to promote health and combining psychology with biology treat illness. and neuroscience.  Industrial-Organizational  Clinical Psychology: Involves the Psychology: Applies psychology to assessment and treatment of workplace issues, improving mental illnesses and psychiatric productivity and employee disorders, often working in private well-being. practices or medical settings.  Personality Psychology: Studies  Cognitive Psychology: Explores individual differences in thought,  emotion, and behavior, exploring Module 2 - Part 2: how personality develops and A. Psychological Research changes. Definition:  Social Psychology: Examines how  Systematic inquiry aimed at social interactions, group behavior, discovering new knowledge, and social influences shape crucial for validating hypotheses individual behavior and and theories in psychology. perceptions.  Sports Psychology: Investigates Descriptive Research Methods: the psychological factors affecting 1. Naturalistic Observation: athletic performance and the Observing behavior in natural settings impact of sports on mental and without interference. physical well-being.  Advantages: Provides real-world data. CONTENT:  Disadvantages: Limited control;  Branches of Psychology: behavior may change if subjects Numerous distinct branches know they are being observed. address specific subtopics in mind, 2. Survey Research: Collecting data brain, and behavior. by asking a representative sample of a  Scientific Method Steps: population about their thoughts, 1. Identify questions of interest. feelings, or behaviors. 2. Formulate an explanation.  Advantages: Direct insights into 3. Conduct research to public opinion. support/refute the explanation.  Disadvantages: Risks of 4. Communicate findings. non-representative samples and  Theories: Broad explanations and social desirability bias. predictions regarding observed 3. Case Study: In-depth analysis of an phenomena, providing a individual or small group to uncover framework for understanding insights applicable to broader behavior. contexts.  Hypotheses: Testable predictions  Advantages: Detailed derived from theories, requiring information and understanding. operational definitions for  Disadvantages: Limited measurement. generalizability.  Operational Definition: Translation of a hypothesis into Correlational Research: specific, testable procedures; Examines the relationship between varies based on logic, equipment, two variables to determine if they are and creativity. associated.  Positive Correlation: Both variables increase together.  Negative Correlation: One variable increases while the other decreases.  Limitations: Correlation does not right to withdraw from the study at imply causation. any time without penalty. These ethical guidelines ensure Experimental Research: respect for participants' rights and  Establishes cause-and-effect well-being in psychological research. relationships by manipulating one variable (independent) to observe Module 3: effects on another (dependent). Human Development Key Elements: Heredity and Environment:  Independent Variable: The factor  Heredity (Nature): Inherited manipulated by the researcher traits from parents, influencing (e.g., amount of sleep). physical, mental, emotional, and  Dependent Variable: The factor moral characteristics. being measured, affected by the  Environment (Nurture): independent variable (e.g., test External factors like family, scores). education, and social interactions  Experimental Group: The group that shape development. exposed to the independent Spermatozoa and Genetic variable or treatment. Composition  Control Group: The group not Spermatozoa: exposed to the treatment, serving  The male gamete involved in as a comparison. reproduction.  Random assignment of  Contains a total of 23 participants. chromosomes, comprising:  22 pairs of autosomes: Non-sex Psychology Research Ethics chromosomes that carry various Key Ethical Principles: genes unrelated to sex 1. Informed Consent: Participants determination. must be fully informed about the study  1 unpaired sex chromosome: and voluntarily agree to participate. Either an X chromosome (in 2. Debriefing: Participants are females) or a Y chromosome (in informed about the study’s purpose males). and any deception used after it Chromosomes: concludes.  Chromosome: A structure within 3. Protection of Participants: cells that contains DNA and genes. Researchers must ensure no harm or  Autosomes: The first 22 pairs of distress comes to participants. chromosomes that determine 4. Deception: Must be minimized and traits other than sex. justified if used; participants should be  Sex Chromosomes: The 23rd pair; debriefed afterward. females have two X chromosomes 5. Confidentiality: Participants' (XX), while males have one X and identities and data must remain one Y chromosome (XY). anonymous unless consent is given. Genes: 6. Withdrawal: Participants have the  Gene: A segment of DNA that  contains the instructions for both maternal and paternal genes. producing specific proteins, Principles of Heredity: influencing traits and functions.  Reproduction: Traits are passed  Each chromosome houses from parents to offspring. thousands of genes that contribute  Variation: Differences occur to various characteristics and among individuals despite biological processes. similarities. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA):  Chance: Random factors affect  DNA: The molecule that carries trait inheritance. genetic information in all living  Sex Determination: organisms. Chromosomes determine gender  Functions as the hereditary code, (XX or XY). determining inherited traits and  Dominance & Recessiveness: characteristics from parents to Dominant traits appear if present, offspring. recessive traits only if both genes Beginning of Life are recessive. Fertilization:  The process that marks the Stages of Development: beginning of life. Prenatal:  Involves the union of two sex cells: * Zygote (Fertilization to 2 weeks), Ovum: The mature female * Embryo (2 weeks to 2 months), gamete released from the * Fetus (2 months to birth). ovary. Last 280 days/9 months. Spermatozoa: The male  Infancy (Birth to 2 weeks): Most gamete produced in the male vulnerable stage. reproductive system. - Infancy Reflex: Fallopian Tube:  Pupillary - eyes  A pair of tubes that transport the  Grasping - grips of objects ovum from the ovary to the  Gurgling - communicate uterus.  Babinski - reflexes in feet  The typical site where fertilization  Babyhood (2 weeks to 2 years): occurs. Growing independence. Zygote:  Childhood (2 to 12 years):  The fertilized egg cell formed from Formative development years. the fusion of the ovum and  Puberty (10 to 13 years): Onset spermatozoa. of sexual maturity.  Contains all hereditary  Adolescence (13 to 19 years): information and genetic potential Transition to adulthood. inherited from both parents.  Adulthood (19 to 40 years): Hereditary Potentials: Responsibility and stability.  The genetic information encoded  Middle Age (40 to 60 years): in the zygote determines various Reflection and aging. traits and characteristics.  Old Age (60 years+): Gradual  This includes contributions from decline leading to end of life. Accessory Structures in Pregnancy:  Placenta: Nourishes the fetus.  Umbilical Cord: Connects fetus to mother.  Amniotic Sac: Protects the fetus. Key Heredity Principles: Reproduction, Variation, Chance, Sex, Dominance: Govern how traits are passed and expressed in offspring. Fetal Period - Period does fetus become viable. Three germ layers formed during embryonic period - mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm