P&SP Week 1 (student) PDF

Identifier first line Second line Personality & Social Psychology Week 1 Introduction to Social Psychology Said Shafa We acknowledge Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of the unceded land on which we work, learn and live. We pay respect to Elders past, present and future, and acknowl...

Identifier first line Second line Personality & Social Psychology Week 1 Introduction to Social Psychology Said Shafa We acknowledge Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of the unceded land on which we work, learn and live. We pay respect to Elders past, present and future, and acknowledge the importance of Indigenous knowledge in the Academy. 2  Wurundjeri Visit wurundjeri.com.au to learn more about their stories and cultural heritage. William Barak (Beruk): ‘last chief of the Yarra Yarra tribe’.  Nice to mee you! Subject coordinator and lecturer for PSYC20009 Born in Iran, grew up in the Netherlands MSc Psychology at Leiden University PhD in Social & Organisational Psychology at Leiden University Post-doc Melbourne Business School between 2016-2019 Lecturer MSPS since 2020 (undergrad, honours, MAP) Research: Cultural differences in conflict management, negotiation, cooperation, decision making, and student engagement. Father of 2 boys (7 and 10 years old) 4  Overview Lecture 1a. Intro to PSYC20009 Lecture 1b. Intro to social psychology Administrative matters Relationship with other disciplines Subject structure Brief history and context Personality vs social psychology Core themes and methods Our approach #7984453 5 Intro to PSYC20009 Week 1a Subject structure, content and objectives 6  Intro to PSYC20009 Aims and objectives of the subject Who we are Subject outline – Subject content – Subject structure (lectures, tutorials, assessments…) – Administrative matters (Canvas, communication…) Brief comparative introduction to personality and social psychology 7  Aims and Objectives Understand how people differ in their thoughts, feelings and behaviours Personality psychology Understand how social situations influence thought, feeling and behaviours Social psychology Broad grounding in basic principles of personality and social psychology Systematic and comprehensive Yet, focused: topics of broad appeal and importance Including some statistical methods 8  Learning outcomes and skills I On completion of this subject, students should have developed: Knowledge of key concepts, theories and empirical findings relating to social psychology and individual differences in personality, capacity and behaviour cultural differences in social psychological and personality phenomena, processes and measurement basic statistical tests of associations between variables Ability to Critically review the literature in an area of social or personality psychology Conduct statistical tests of correlation and simple regression Evaluate and draw conclusions from research findings. Interpret data accurately on the basis of appropriate analytical methods. Communicate psychological research findings effectively in oral and written formats. 9  Learning outcomes and skills II On completion of this subject students should be able to apply their knowledge and skills to: Critically reflect on important social, cultural and personal concerns from the point of view of empirical social and personality psychology, including applications to psychological health and wellbeing Critically reflect on research procedure and design in empirical research in personality and social psychology. Apply critical thinking and data analysis skills in writing a lab report 10  Who we are Said Shafa: social/organisational psychologist Social psychology Simon Laham: experimental social psychologist Social psychology Luke Smillie: personality psychologist Personality psychology, quantitative methods Shi Xian Liew (senior tutor) and a group of wonderful tutors Tutorials 11  Didactic components  Lectures Thursdays 11:00-13:00 PAR-133-B1-B117-B117 Lecture Theatre (Glyn Davis Building) Livestreamed via Lecture Capture on Canvas Recorded and posted on Canvas (along with slides)  Tutorials (lab classes) Weeks 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 1.5-hour in-person sessions Pre-recorded videos (around 30 minutes, watch before class) Weeks 1 and 3: PC lab – RBB 615 go to RBB 1008 – RBB 616 go to RBB 1125 Compulsory – 80% attendance (5 out of 6) 12 Slides, files and videos posted on Canvas  Readings  Required readings Central textbook: Eliot R. Smith, Diane M. Mackie & Heather M. Claypool (2015). Social Psychology : Fourth Edition. Taylor & Francis. Assigned chapters only Other articles or chapters (provided on Canvas)  Recommending readings provided on Canvas and in lectures (not mandatory) Make a habit of studying required readings before class! 13  Assessments  Final Exam 90-minute invigilated exam: (45%; end of semester exam period) 70 multiple-choice questions Lecture slides and required readings List of examinable content will be made available in due time 14  Assessments  Assessment 1500-word lab report (40%; Due date Week 7) Association between Big 5 and BPN fulfilment Marked blind by tutors Only include student ID in front page, no name!! Prior to 8:00 am. Don’t risk late submission!!! Feedback Week 10 (individual and collective) 15  Assessments  Debate group presentation Argue one side of a classic debate in psychology (10%; Week 9 or 11) 10-minute recorded video Group feedback and grade Week 12 16  Assessments and hurdles  REP credit 5%; 2.5 hours (by Week 12) Credits will only count towards this subject if you sign in to PSYC20009_2nd_year!!!  Hurdle: Attendance: 80% of tutorials Allowed to unduly miss only one Medical certificate only accepted once 17 Subject overview 18  Track your progress  Weekly quizzes Test your comprehension Take as often as you like Not mandatory and ungraded  Peerwise Create, share and practice assessment questions with your classmates. To access our course, "PSYC20009 SM2 2024" two pieces of information: – Course ID = 27323 – Identifier = Please enter your identifier (Student ID) for this course 19  Additional content  Optional online modules: Assessment literacy module Correlation and regression module (best completed before or in Week 3) Lab report writing (conform 6th APA manual) 20  How to succeed in PSYC20009 Lectures: – Do the required readings before class. – Attend lectures and take notes; ask for clarification if you don’t understand. – Try the quiz and follow up on errors. Tutorials: – Watch the pre-lab video before coming to class. – Engage! Ask questions, engage in discussions, seek clarification, offer insight. – Be a cooperative team member. 21 Stick with the plan. And enjoy it!  Canvas  Main mode of interaction Course content Announcements and messages Active and regular engagement  Modules 4 modules covering tri-weekly content pages and activities Additional modules: assessment information, methods and writing modules 22  Communication  Communication with us (subject related matters) Lectures Tutorials Consultation sessions  Discussion board Engage with other students and answer each others’ questions Senior tutor monitors and steps in if necessary  Email (personal matters) Please be respectful and patient  My office hours for this subject 23 Thursdays 10:00 - 11:00 (by appointment)  Extensions module 1-10 days: School extension – Extension Request Form: https://melbourneuni.au1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_5vygRJZjdIkGRQV – Supporting documentation 10 – 30 days (6 weeks): Special Consideration – Student Equity and Disability Support (SEDS): http://students.unimelb.edu.au/admin/special – Supporting documentation More than 30 days (6 weeks): – Ongoing support (Academic Adjustment Plan) – https://students.unimelb.edu.au/student-support/student-equity-and- disability-services/registration-for-ongoing-support 24  Extensions Lab-report – Due date Week 7 (2 September) – Feedback in Week 10 (30 September) – Requested due dates from 1 October will be assigned to an alternative assignment – Final submission date (alternative) assignment Monday 1 November (exam week) – All special consideration request beyond 2 November will be recommended for LWD Find relevant links and information in the Extensions module on Canvas! 25  Student Manual Under ‘Student Information’ on LMS Covers… Important dates Appropriate behaviour LMS Hurdles Submission of work (extensions, late penalties, word count, remarking…) Exams Academic Integrity Tutorial (lab) transfers … 26  Assessment and AI Large Language Model: scrapes the internet to search for and classify (patterns of) text which are more likely to appear (together) and reproduces it as human-like language. It is not creative or self-aware. Summarises information without providing (correct) references to sources or citations. It cannot judge whether information is correct or not. It is prone to ‘hallucinations’: sometimes fabricates facts, makes errors in reasoning. 27  Assessment and AI The University of Melbourne’s Student Academic Integrity Policy (MPF1310) makes clear that all work submitted by an individual student must be their own. In the case of group work, the individual contribution of each student must be their own work. If a student uses artificial intelligence software such as ChatGPT or QuillBot to generate material for assessment that they represent as their own ideas, research and/or analysis, they are NOT submitting their own work. Knowingly having a third party, including artificial intelligence technologies, write or produce any work (paid or unpaid) that a student submits as their own work for assessment is deliberate cheating and is academic misconduct. If a student uses AI generated material in the preparation of their assessment submission, this must be appropriately acknowledged and cited in accordance 28 with the Assessment and Results Policy (MPF1326). Questions? 29 Personality vs. Social Psychology 30  Same goal, different emphasis Personality psychology and social psychology are both concerned with explaining human thoughts, feelings and actions. Generally, personality psychology focuses on the person as the locus of explanation (across different situations) – How do stable individual differences influence thoughts, feelings and actions? Generally, social psychology focuses on the situation as the locus of explanation (across different people) – How does the social context influence thoughts, feelings and actions? 31  Similar and different  Similar questions, different approaches cross-situational stability (P) vs. situational contingency (S) E.g., conflict – P – are certain people more prone to conflict than others (in all situations)? – S – are certain situational factors more likely to lead (all people) to conflict?  Both grounded in empirical research Collect data and analyze with quantitative statistical techniques to build theories  Broad disciplines with fuzzy boundaries Blend into other areas (biological, cognitive, developmental…) Blend into each other 32  Example  Personality Agreeableness pertains to cooperative, empathetic and altruistic tendencies. Will people with low agreeableness be more prone to conflict? (presumably in any situation)  Social context When interests are misaligned, other people's goals may obstruct our own. Will people be more prone to conflict when their interests are misaligned? (presumably all people) 33  Person x Situation Interactions  Person x Situation People with low agreeableness will be prone to conflict when their interests are not aligned with other parties. Blend into each other: almost all personality and social psychologists consider thoughts, feelings and actions to be a product of the interaction between persons and situations Interactionism: x = f(P, S) Where x is some behaviour, thought, emotion … P = person; S = situation 34 Short break 35 Introduction to Social Psychology Week 1b Themes, History, and Methods 36  Overview and objectives  Part I What is social psychology? Relations to other disciplines History of social psychology  Part II Core themes and features Methods Approach in this subject 37  What is ‘the social’ in social psychology? Psychology: scientific study of the human mind Social: involving allies or confederates – Etymology: Latin: socialis (allied); socius (friend) Social psychology: scientific study of the human mind in the social context (i.e., contexts characterized by the presence of other people, real or imagined) Social content: e.g. groups or relationships as the content of psychological research Social processes: e.g. people or context as sources of influence “Man is by nature a social animal” 38  What is social psychology? Social psychology: the scientific study of the effects of social and cognitive processes on the way people perceive, influence and relate to others (Smith et al., 2015) scientific (+ …) social and cognitive (+ …) perceive, influence, relate (+ …) others (+…) ‘social psychology’ is a fuzzy category Partly defined in practice, rather than by necessary and sufficient conditions 39  Common topics…  From standard textbooks…  Yet other topics… – Morality, evolutionary social psychology, cross-cultural difference… 40  Revision of MBB2 social psychology Social rejection Bystander intervention Impression formation: correspondence bias, self-fulfilling prophecy The self Attitudes and behaviour Intra and intergroup dynamics Norms, conformity and obedience Health and Indigenous issues 41  Cognitive Educational Development Relations to other disciplines: Organizational / Social Clinical psychology Within Industrial psychology Applied Personality Neuroscience /physiology 42  Sociology Computer Anthropology science Relations to other Chemistry Social Philosophy disciplines: Outside psychology of psychology Biology Economics Medicine Law 43  Relations to other disciplines: foci of social psychology Unit of analysis: individual, dyad and group (cf. sociology – larger- scale social structures) General methods: scientific (observe - hypothesize – test – infer – revise – repeat)(cf. philosophy, anthropology) Analyses: quantitative (cf. anthropology – qualitative) Theories: couched in terms of casual, mechanistic cognitive and social processes (cf. anthropology, cultural studies – hermeneutics: meaning/reasons/scripture as primary drivers of psychology) Content and process: social (cf. personality) 44 A brief history of social psychology 45  History of social psychology  Deep history Social psychological thought has a long history, mostly not empirical/scientific – Plato – doxa (‘crowd mind’ or popular belief; C4th BCE) – Le Bon and Canetti - crowd psychology (C19th )  As an empirical discipline… Emerged in the late 19th century – Cf. history of psychology – Cf. social/political history of 20th century 46  Brief history of psychology (as a science) Wundt and introspectionism Psychodynamic: Freud Behaviourism: Watson, Skinner and Stimulus-Response Humanistic: Rogers, Maslow Cognitive revolution: mind as computer Social constructionism: Gergen Biological revolution: evolutionary psychology, neuro/phys Big data and computational psychology 47  Brief history of social psychology (as a science) Initial experiments (late C19th) Initial systematic textbooks (1908) Rejection of behaviorism: stimuli are not given, but interpreted Groups and attitudes: WWI and the inter-war period WWII: migration, social influence and practical problems Integrating cognitive revolution Integrating other revolutions: biological and computational 48  Contemporary concerns Theory and method Integration with biology, neuroscience and computer science – Evolutionary social psychology – Embodiment – Social neuroscience – Computational social psychology and big data Practice Replication ‘crisis’ and response 49  Additional readings on historical trends Additional reading… Cartwright (1979 – on LMS) – Reflections on the strengths and weaknesses of the first 50 years of social psychology Jahoda (2007). A history of social psychology. Cambridge Press. – History of precursors to empirical social psychology from 18th century to WWII Centre for Open Science: https://cos.io/ 50 Core themes and features 51 They saw a game… 52  They saw a game… “This observer has never seen quite such a disgusting exhibition of so-called "sport." Both teams were guilty but the blame must be laid primarily on Dartmouth's doorstep. Princeton, obviously the better team, had no reason to rough up Dartmouth. Looking at the situation rationally, we don't see why the Indians should make a deliberate attempt to cripple Dick Kazmaier or any other Princeton player. The Dartmouth psychology, however, is not rational itself.” 53  They saw a game… “Did Princeton players feel so badly about losing their star? They shouldn't have. During the past undefeated campaign they stopped several individual stars by a concentrated effort, including such mamstays as Frank Hauff of Navy, Glenn Adams of Pennsylvania and Rocco Calvo of Cornell. In other words, the same brand of football condemned by the Prince—that of stopping the big man— is practiced quite successfully by the Tigers.” 54 They saw a game… “In brief, the data here indicate that there is no such "thing" as a "game" existing "out there" in its own right which people merely "observe." The "game" "exists" for a person and is experienced by him only in so far as certain happenings have significances in terms of his purpose.” 55  Core tenets People construct their own reality Social influence is pervasive (within limits) (and powerful) Our identities, beliefs, attitudes, Other people (real and values…influence our perception imagined; present or not) of the world influence what we think, feel and do 56  Core motivations Aka: Aka: Aka: Understanding Belonging Self-enhancement Control Relatedness Positive (self) Seeking meaning Trust esteem 57  Core processing principles Core processing principles Conservatism: existing beliefs and opinions are slow to change Accessibility: accessible information has the most impact on thoughts, feelings and actions – Mind as associative network – Some network elements are more active than others – These influence ongoing thought, feeling and action Processing depth: information can be processed with various levels of depth – Automatic vs. controlled processes – ‘System 1 vs. System 2’ thinking 58 Organising framework 59 Methods 60  Social psychology: ends and means If the goal of social psychology is to understand and explain human social thought, feeling and action, then how to we go about that? Introspection (cf. ‘strangers to ourselves’) Mere observation of others (cf. biased observers) Reason from first principles (cf. not very good/biased reasoners) Authorities – religious, secular (cf. they are biased too) Scientific method – systematic observation combined with inductive and deductive reasoning – ‘Science’ – from Scientia: knowledge 61  Aims and properties of the scientific method Aim: to provide causal, mechanistic explanations of phenomena In social psychology: causal, mechanistic explanations of social psychological phenomena These explanations are stated in theories: “Generalizing statement(s) – or a collection of statements – couched in terms of causal relationships between well-defined abstract constructs” Theories are constructed and tested using the scientific method 62  Methods: Scientific method Overview: Observe: something about the world – through the senses, through engagement with prior theories Hypothesize: proffer a tentative explanation for observation Test: derive prediction from hypothesis and test (usually with an experiment) Infer: make (inductive) inference about hypothesis based on test outcome Repeat/revise: if hypothesis supported, repeat; if not, modify hypothesis and test revised hypothesis 63 64  Good theories and good evidence Because theories are about abstract constructs, we need to measure (operationalize) these in terms of observable/measurable qualities Construct validity: extent to which manipulations and measures correspond to theoretical constructs Achieve via: selecting appropriate measures; using multiple measures Because theories seek causal explanations, we need to conduct high quality experiments Internal validity: extent to which casual inference (IV -> DV) is justified Achieved via: manipulation and random assignment Because theories seek generalizing explanations, we need to ensure that our evidence (from experiments) can generalize to other people, places, times and settings External validity: extent to which experimental results can be generalized to other people, places, times and settings Achieve via: appropriate sampling and research design (dependent upon type of 65 generalization sought)  Additional readings… Scientific method Chalmers (2013). What is this thing called science? (4th ed). UoQ Press. – Provides an accessible intro to philosophy of science Philosophical issues in scientific psychology Bem and de Jong (2005). Theoretical Issues in Psychology: An Introduction (2nd ed). SAGE – Introduction to a variety of philosophical issues in psychology (including scientific methods) Research methods in psychology (especially issues about validity) Shadish, Cook and Campbell (2001). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference (2nd ed). Cengage. – Excellent (but comprehensive and sometimes advanced) treatment of the nature of research design and kinds of validity in psychology 66 The approach in this subject 67  General approach Rely on empirical evidence Experiments as case studies in scientific method Organised in coherent and established theories Boundary conditions WEIRD sample (Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic) Including cross-cultural differences Applications: health, education, law, policy, business 68 A conceptual framework Relation Subject Object Perception Influence Evaluation Communication Explanation … 69  Overview and objectives (revisited) What is social psychology? Relations to other disciplines Core themes and features History of social psychology Methods Approach in this subject 70  Next…  This Week: Review subject syllabus and student manual Read: Smith et al (2015): preface, Ch. 1 and 2, epilogue Watch pre-lab video and attend Week 1 tutorial Complete the lab-report survey: https://melbourneuni.au1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_6M7gnwPRVQiNbsW 71  Next…  Next Week: Lecture Week 2. Introduction to personality psychology No live lecture (Prof. Luke Smillie abroad for expert meeting) Pre-recorded lecture (see Week 2 page and/or Lecture Capture) There is no live lecture in Week 2! 72