Health Promotion and Prevention PDF

Rationale for Health Promotion and Prevention - George Albee - Limitations of one-on-one therapy - Insufficient resources - Instead of treating disorders, why not prevent them from occurring to begin with Definitions - Prevention - reduction of problems of living, mental disorders, distress, etc - P...

Rationale for Health Promotion and Prevention - George Albee - Limitations of one-on-one therapy - Insufficient resources - Instead of treating disorders, why not prevent them from occurring to begin with Definitions - Prevention - reduction of problems of living, mental disorders, distress, etc - Prevent new causes from occurring - Focus on populations, not individuals - Intentional (theory driven) - Promotion - enhancement of well-being in populations Health Promotion - Enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health - To reach a state of complete physical mental and social well being - An individual or group must be able to identify and to realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment - The fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace, shelter, education, food income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice and equity Characteristics of Promotion - Proactive - Focus on populations not individuals - Multidimensional - an integrated set of activities at multiple ecological levels - Ongoing, not time-limited Health Promotion Action Means - Build healthy public policy - Create supportive environments - Strengthen community action - Develop personal skills - Reorient health services Health Promotion in Practice - A focus on encouraging individuals to adopt or to drop health practices - Participation Prevention - Tends to be more focused, intentional, and theory-driven than health promotion - Interventions designed to prevent the occurrence of a particular disease - Developed based on association between the link between risk or protective factors, and disease - Developed based on assumption that intervention can decrease risk or increase protective factors Types of Prevention - Primary prevention - Entire populations, that does not have the disorder or problem - Lower rates of new cases (incidence) - Vaccinations, skill-building programs - Secondary prevention (or early intervention) - Populations showing early signs of disorder or problem (at risk) - Children who are having academic difficulties - Risk of stigmatization - Tertiary prevention - Populations that have a disorder or problem - Reducing intensity or duration of disorder or problem - Rehabilitation focus (though difficult to differentiate from treatment) Prevention Continuum Types of Prevention - Universal - directed at everyone in a population - People are not in distress, like primary prevention - Selective - directed at groups of people at above average risk due to environmental or personal factors - Risk ≠ symptoms - Indicated - directed at individuals who are at high risk of developing problems (presence of early signs) Risk, PRotection, and Resilience Risk Factors - Features of individuals and environments that reduce the biological, psychological, and/or social capacities of individuals to maintain their well being and function adaptively in society - Individual risk factors - Ex. premature birth, divorce, maltreatment, motherhood in unwed teenagers, parental psychopathology, poverty, homelessness - social/environmental risk factors - Ex. family stress, poor housing, resource poor neighborhoods or settings Protective Factors - Definitions - Features of individuals and environments that operate in ongoing ways to increase or enhance the biological, psychological, social, and emotional capacities of individuals to maintain well being and function adaptively in society - Individual protective factors - Ex. social support, coping skills, self-esteem, temperament, sense of community - social/environmental protective factors - Ex. family cohesion, resource rich neighborhoods, competent communities Strategies for Prevention - Incidence - the number of new cases that arise in a population during a specified period of time - Usually one year - Prevalence - the number of cases in existence at a specified point in time Reducing Prevalence - Prevalence (P) is reduced if incidence (I) is reduced and duration (D) of disorder is reduced - P=IXD Prevention Equation - Incidence of behavioural and emotional disorder in populations = - 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 + 𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 + 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑠 + 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 + 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑚