History Of The Philippine Government PDF

History of the Philippine Government Presented by: Group 1 Asoy, Marinella C. Denalo, Febbie Anne J. Ebias, Moreen T. Pre-Hispanic and Colonial Era I. Structural Make-up and Significant details of the Philippines in the Past II. Use prior knowledge gained in the PH history to recall the system of g...

History of the Philippine Government Presented by: Group 1 Asoy, Marinella C. Denalo, Febbie Anne J. Ebias, Moreen T. Pre-Hispanic and Colonial Era I. Structural Make-up and Significant details of the Philippines in the Past II. Use prior knowledge gained in the PH history to recall the system of government under the Spanish Colonialization (1521-1898) III. Critique of Abuses, Corruption, and Discrimination During the Spanish Period Social Structure and Culture I. Barangay System II.Social Classes III. Religion and Belief Systems IV. Economic Activities Colonial Governance System I. Encomienda System II. Governor-General III. Municipal and Provincial Structure IV. Role of the Catholic Church Significant Changes introduced by Spain I. Christianization II. Education and Language III. Economic Changes Abuses, Corruption, and Discrimination I. Forced Labor and Exploitation II. Tribute and Taxation III. Corruption among Spanish Officials IV. Discrimination against Filipinos V. Resistance and Revolts American Period The United States government formally acquired the Philippines from Spain with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. Emilio Aguinaldo, a Filipino nationalist, proclaimed the independence of the Philippines on January 5, 1899. 125,000 troops served in the Philippines during the war. 400 million dollars and approximately 4,200 American dead and 2,900 wounded, As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and disease.  American Period General Miguel Malvar as rebel leader. The U.S. military established and maintained concentration camps (reconcentrados) with some 298,000 Filipinos in the province of Batangas from January to April 1902, resulting in the deaths of some 8,350 Filipinos. U.S. government and Filipino troops suppressed the rebellion with the surrender of General Miguel Malvar on April 16, 1902. Some 200,000 Filipinos, 4,234 U.S. soldiers, and 20,000 Filipino soldiers were killed during the conflict. American economy - “Free trade, or colonial preferential trade.” Establishment of Civil Government On March 3, 1901, the U.S. Congress passed the Army Appropriation Act. A highly centralised public school system was installed in 1901, using English as the medium of instruction. (600 teachers from the U.S.—the so-called Thomasites) Anti-Sedition Law - The law reflected the colonial government's desire to consolidate power and eliminate any form of organized resistance to U.S. authority. Anti-Brigandage Law - American effort to pacify the Philippines and maintain control over the archipelago.  Official End to the War Jones Law - Organic Act passed by the United States Congress. Tydings-McDuffie Act on March 24, 1934, which promised independence to the Philippines in 12 years. Commonwealth The Commonwealth of the Philippines was formally established on November 15, 1935. The Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act passed to authors Congress Butler B. Hare, Senator Harry B. Hawes and Senator Bronson M. Cutting Commonwealth The law promised Philippine independence after 10 years but reserved several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposed tariffs and quotas on Philippine imports. Manuel L. Quezon - first Filipino to head an elected government in the Philippines. The President of the Philippine Commonwealth had strong control of the islands and was guided by a Supreme Court. In 1937, the government chose Tagalog, the language of Manila, as the national language. Women were allowed to vote, and the economy was strong. Manuel L. Quezon Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina, also known by his initials MLQ, was a Filipino lawyer, statesman, soldier, and politician who was president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from 1935 until his death in 1944. He was the first Filipino to head a government of the entire Philippines and is considered the second president of the Philippines after Emilio Aguinaldo (1899–1901), whom Quezon defeated in the 1935 presidential election. Japanese Period The Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II lasted from 1942 to 1945. Japan invaded the Philippines on December 8, 1941, just hours after attacking Pearl Harbor. Battle of Bataan and Corregidor The Battle of Bataan was fought by the United States and the Philippine Commonwealth against Imperial Japan during World War II. In May 1942, Corregidor, a small rock island at the mouth of Manila Bay, remained one of the last Allied strongholds in the Philippines after the Japanese victory at Bataan. Bataan Death March Bataan Death March, march in the Philippines of some 66 miles (106 km) that 76,000 prisoners of war (66,000 Filipinos, 10,000 Americans) were forced by the Japanese military to endure in April 1942, during the early stages of World War II. Resistance and Guerilla Warfare Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon), played a vital role in resisting Japanese rule. Japanese Military Administration The Japanese attempted to win over the Filipino people through propaganda and the promise of independence, which culminated in the establishment of the puppet government under José P. Laurel in 1943. Economic and Social Impact The Japanese occupation brought severe economic hardship. Food shortages were rampant, and the currency (known as "Mickey Mouse money") became almost worthless due to inflation. Many Filipinos were forced into labor, and much of the local infrastructure was destroyed or repurposed for military use. Liberation and Aftermath On December 8, 1941, Japan launched an attack on Commonwealth of the Philippines, ten hours after their attack on Pearl Harbor. Filipinos staged guerrilla resistance against the Japanese until 1945. The Philippines was liberated from Japanese control by Allied forces in 1944. The Philippines was granted full independence by the United States in 1946. “I shall return.” - General MacArthur Third Republic The Third Republic of the Philippines was inaugurated on July 4, 1946. It marked the culmination of the peaceful campaign for Philippine Independence. Independence Day was celebrated on July 4. On May 12, 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal issued Proclamation No. 28, s. 1962, which declared June 12 as Independence Day. In 1964, Congress passed Republic Act No. 4166, which formally designated June 12 of every year as the date on which we celebrate Philippine independence. July 4 in turn has been observed as Republic Day since then. The Roxas Administration (May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948) President Manuel Roxas, in his first State of the Nation Address, detailed the challenges the country was facing in the aftermath of war: A government “without financial means to support even its basic functions,” scarcity in commodities especially of food, hyperinflation, the “tragic destruction” of a productive economy, and still- ongoing rehabilitation among the different sectors of society. The Quirino Administration (April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953) President Elpidio Quirino’s goal as chief executive, as stated in his first State of the Nation Address, revolved around strengthening the people’s confidence in the government and the restoration of peace. The Magsaysay Administration (December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957) To help the rural masses was the focal point of the populist administration of President Ramon Magsaysay. The principles of the Magsaysay administration were codified in the Magsaysay Credo, and became the theme of leadership and public service. The Garcia Administration (March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961) President Carlos P. Garcia, in his inaugural address, sought the help and support of the masses in accomplishing the tremendous responsibilities of the presidency and in carrying on the legacy of the Magsaysay administration. The Macapagal Administration (December 30, 1961- December 30, 1965) President Diosdado Macapagal, during his inaugural address on December 30, 1961, emphasized the responsibilities and goals to be attained in the “new era” that was the Macapagal administration. The Marcos Administration (December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986) The last president of the Third Republic of the Philippines was President Ferdinand E. Marcos. Prior to the events of Martial Law, the first term of the Marcos administration, as emphasized in his inaugural address on December 30, 1965, focused on “the revival of the greatness of the nation.” Post War Period After gaining independence on July 4, 1946, the Philippines adopted the same government framework as during the Commonwealth stage, based on the 1935 Constitution with 1940 amendments. Commonwealth Framework A semi-autonomous presidential system with a president, senate, and house of representatives, but still under US control in certain areas. Philippine Government Framework (Post War) The Philippine government is a presidential system, where the President and Vice-President are directly elected for a four-year term, with a maximum of eight consecutive years in office. President’s Powers Overseeing all executive departments Overseeing local governments Ensuring laws are faithfully executed Appointing high-ranking officials (subject to confirmation and civil service system limitations) Influencing the legislative process through: Item Veto and Budget Control Making treaties (requiring Senate approval) Appointing ambassadors and other public ministers (requiring Commission on Appointments approval) Commission on Appointments Composed of 24 members - 12 from the House of Representatives and 12 from the Senate, elected based on proportional representation of political parties within each chamber. Modifications to the American System Department heads have the right to appear before and be heard by each House on matters related to their departments, either on their own initiative or upon request. The President can limit this right by stating in writing that the appearance is not in the public interest. The Commission on Appointments, composed of members from both the House and Senate, plays a significant role in selecting department heads, which could potentially weaken the President's power of administrative direction. The legislature was initially unicameral, but was changed to a bicameral system with a Senate and House of Representatives through the 1940 amendments, supported by President Quezon. Modifications to the American System The Senate has 24 members elected at large for six-year terms, with one-third elected every two years. The House of Representatives has a maximum of 120 members, apportioned according to population among provinces. The Congress of the Philippines exercises legislative powers, with some limitations. The President participates in the legislative process. Additional limitations on financial legislation include: 1. Uniformity in taxes 2.Exemptions for properties used for educational, religious, and charitable purposes 3.Denial of public funds for the support of religious bodies Deviations from the American System Judiciary The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review, hearing and deciding cases involving the constitutionality of treaties or laws. A unique provision requires a two-thirds concurrence of the full Court to invalidate a treaty or law. The Supreme Court has control over judicial procedure, as specified in Article VIII, Section 13. The Constitution provides more detailed specifications to safeguard the jurisdiction of the courts compared to the US Constitution. Deviations from the American System Other Deviations Article X establishes a general auditing office. Article XI implements a merit system for the civil service below the policy-determining level. Article XII deals with conservation and utilization of natural resources, which belong to the state and can only be exploited by citizens or corporations/associations with at least 60% citizen- owned capital. Constitutional Provision for an Independent Commission on Elections The Commission on Elections consists of a Chairman and two members, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Commission on Appointments. The three members have a 9-year term and can only be removed through the impeachment process. The Commission has supervisory and directive control over the election machinery, with its decisions subject to review by the Supreme Court. This innovation aims to prevent the manipulation of elections to maintain power by an existing majority. Political Problems as the country became Independent Collaboration and Leadership Manuel Roxas, a suspected collaborator, regained power after the war, sparking controversy. Pro-US elite prioritized restoring pre-war status quo over punishing collaborators. President Osmena's leadership weakened due to lack of US support. The 1946 election cemented elite control, with Roxas as the first president of independent Philippines. Political Problems as the country became Independent Economic Reconstruction The solution to these problems depended on decisions made in Washington regarding US participation in rehabilitation and reconstruction. The Commonwealth authorities' ability to take action was limited due to the American military authorities' control over the instruments of effective government. The people's loyalties were divided between General MacArthur, the symbol of liberation, and President Osmena, who was in a secondary and dependent position. The problem of local political leadership was linked to the question of relationships with the Americans. Ice Breaker!