Enlightenment Thinkers Presentation PDF

The Enlighten ment Thinkers Mr Wasim Worrell Cesare Beccaria Abolition of torture Cesare Beccaria, (born March 15, 1738, Milan—died Nov. 28, 1794, Milan), Italian criminologist and economist. He became an international celebrity in 1764 with the publication of Crime and Punishment, the first syste...

The Enlighten ment Thinkers Mr Wasim Worrell Cesare Beccaria Abolition of torture Cesare Beccaria, (born March 15, 1738, Milan—died Nov. 28, 1794, Milan), Italian criminologist and economist. He became an international celebrity in 1764 with the publication of Crime and Punishment, the first systematic statement of principles governing criminal punishment, in which he argued that the effectiveness of criminal justice depended more on the certainty of punishment than on its severity. Cesare Beccaria  Immanuel Kant According to the 18th- century philosopher Immanuel Kant, the “motto” of the Enlightenment was “Sapere aude! Have courage to use your own intelligence!” (Kant, “What Is Enlightenment?” 1784)  The Scientific Revolution The Enlightenment grew largely out of the new methods and discoveries achieved in the Scientific Revolution The equatorial armillary, used for navigation on ships  Francis Bacon and the Scientific Method The scientific method Observation and experimentation Testable hypothesis Sir Francis Bacon  Isaac Newton and the Scientific Method Used the scientific method to make a range of discoveries Newton’s achievements using the scientific method helped inspire Enlightenment thinkers Sir Isaac Newton  Enlightenment Principles Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought Accept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason, not on faith Scientific and academic thought should be secular A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkers Enlightenment Thinkers René Descartes (1596–1650) French philosopher and mathematician Questioned the basis of his own knowledge “Cogito ergo sum” “I think, therefore, I am.” The French Salon and the Philosophes Madame de Pompadour Salons: gatherings for aristocrats to discuss new theories and ideas Philosophes: French Enlightenment thinkers who attended the salons Madame de Pompadour Voltaire (1694–1778) Most famous philosophe Wrote plays, essays, poetry, philosophy, and books Attacked the “relics” of the medieval social order Championed social, political, and religious tolerance  The Encyclopédie Major achievement of the philosophes Begun in 1745; completed in 1765 72,000 Articles Frontspiece to the Encyclopédie The Encyclopédie (continued) Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert Banned by the Catholic Church Encyclopédie editor Denis Diderot  Deism Deists believed in God but rejected organized religion Morality could be achieved by following reason rather than the teachings of the church Lord Edward Herbert of Cherbury, founder of deism  Deism (continued) The “great watchmaker” Thomas Paine Thomas Paine  Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) Applied rational analysis to the study of government Attacked the concept of divine right, yet supported a strong monarchy Believed that humans were basically driven by passions and needed to be kept in check by a powerful ruler  John Locke (1632–1704) The “State of Nature” Tabula rasa  Locke (continued) Treatises of Government Rights Locke on Education  Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) Philosophized on the nature of society and government The Social Contract  Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755) French noble and political philosopher The Spirit of the Laws  Montesquieu (continued) Separation of powers Constitutional Frontspiece to The monarchy Spirit of the Laws The End