Podcast
Questions and Answers
What principle did Cesare Beccaria advocate regarding criminal punishment?
What principle did Cesare Beccaria advocate regarding criminal punishment?
- Only rehabilitation should be the focus of justice
- Punishment's severity is the most important factor
- Punishment should be administered equally for all crimes
- The effectiveness of justice relies on the certainty of punishment (correct)
What was Immanuel Kant's famous motto associated with the Enlightenment?
What was Immanuel Kant's famous motto associated with the Enlightenment?
- Sapere aude (correct)
- Veritas means freedom
- Cogito, ergo sum
- Tempus fugit
Which thinker is noted for formalizing the scientific method?
Which thinker is noted for formalizing the scientific method?
- Galileo Galilei
- René Descartes
- Sir Francis Bacon (correct)
- Isaac Newton
How did the Scientific Revolution relate to the Enlightenment?
How did the Scientific Revolution relate to the Enlightenment?
According to Enlightenment thinkers, what limited independent thought?
According to Enlightenment thinkers, what limited independent thought?
What did Enlightenment thinkers emphasize as a basis for accepting knowledge?
What did Enlightenment thinkers emphasize as a basis for accepting knowledge?
Which figure's achievements using the scientific method inspired Enlightenment thinkers?
Which figure's achievements using the scientific method inspired Enlightenment thinkers?
What was a notable contribution of Cesare Beccaria's work 'Crime and Punishment'?
What was a notable contribution of Cesare Beccaria's work 'Crime and Punishment'?
What concept is associated with René Descartes?
What concept is associated with René Descartes?
Which philosopher is best known for championing social, political, and religious tolerance?
Which philosopher is best known for championing social, political, and religious tolerance?
What was the major achievement of the philosophes during the Enlightenment?
What was the major achievement of the philosophes during the Enlightenment?
Which belief did deists hold regarding morality?
Which belief did deists hold regarding morality?
Which philosopher supported the idea of a strong monarchy but attacked the concept of divine right?
Which philosopher supported the idea of a strong monarchy but attacked the concept of divine right?
The term 'tabula rasa' is most closely associated with which thinker?
The term 'tabula rasa' is most closely associated with which thinker?
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau focus on in his philosophical works?
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau focus on in his philosophical works?
What role did salons play in the Enlightenment?
What role did salons play in the Enlightenment?
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Study Notes
Cesare Beccaria
- Italian criminologist and economist
- Published Crime and Punishment in 1764
- Argued that the effectiveness of criminal justice depended on the certainty of punishment, rather than its severity
Immanuel Kant
- 18th-century German philosopher
- Believed the motto of the Enlightenment was "Sapere aude! Have courage to use your own intelligence!"
The Scientific Revolution
- The Enlightenment was largely influenced by the Scientific Revolution
- The Scientific Revolution led to the development of new methods and discoveries
Francis Bacon and the Scientific Method
- Advocated for observation and experimentation
- Emphasized testable hypotheses in scientific inquiry
Isaac Newton and the Scientific Method
- Used the scientific method to make significant discoveries
- Inspired Enlightenment thinkers with his achievements
Enlightenment Principles
- Challenged traditional authority, including religion, superstition, and tradition
- Promoted knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason
- Advocated for secularism in scientific and academic thought
René Descartes
- French philosopher and mathematician
- Questioned the basis of his own knowledge
- Famous for the phrase “Cogito ergo sum,” meaning “I think, therefore, I am”
Salons and Philosophes
- Salons were gatherings for aristocrats to discuss new theories and ideas
- Philosophes were French Enlightenment thinkers who attended these salons
- Madame de Pompadour was a prominent figure in French salons
Voltaire
- Most famous philosophe
- Wrote extensively in various genres, including plays, essays, poetry, philosophy, and novels
- Championed social, political, and religious tolerance
The Encyclopédie
- Major achievement of the philosophes
- Published between 1745 and 1765
- Included 72,000 articles
- Banned by the Catholic Church
Deism
- Deists believed in God but rejected organized religion
- Argued that morality could be achieved through reason, not religious teachings
- Thomas Paine was a prominent deist
Thomas Hobbes
- Applied rational analysis to the study of government
- Supported a strong monarchy
- Believed humans are driven by passions and need a powerful ruler
John Locke
- Argued for the "State of Nature" and tabula rasa (blank slate) in human development
- Wrote the Treatises of Government
- Emphasized the importance of natural rights
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- Focused on the nature of society and government
- Wrote The Social Contract
Baron de Montesquieu
- French political philosopher
- Advocated for the separation of powers in government
- Argued for a system of checks and balances
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