Biochemistry - Pharmaceutical Seminar I PDF

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICAL SEMINAR I TOPIC OUTLINE NO true Nucleus TRUE NUCLEUS (1) Basic Concepts of Biochemistry...

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICAL SEMINAR I TOPIC OUTLINE NO true Nucleus TRUE NUCLEUS (1) Basic Concepts of Biochemistry NO membrane bound organelles Mitochondria, Lysosomes, ER, (2) Biomolecules Golgi apparatus  Carbohydrates 30s + 50s = 70s 40s + 60s = 80s  Lipids PROTOZOA → bacteria Plants, Animals, Fungi  Nucleic acids  Proteins PARTS OF THE CELL Biosynthesis Functions Classification Physilogical significance (3) Metabolic Pathway BIOCHEMISTRY  study of chemistry of life  the science concerned with the chemical basis of life  chemical constituents of living cells and with the reactions and processes they undergo  a study of the compounds and processes associated with living organisms  the study of the chemical substances found in living organisms and the chemical interactions of these substances with each other  “BIOS” - life IMPORTANT INFO Any hindrances or blockage in biochemical events will manifest a disease. CELL MEMBRANE  AKA “PLASMA MEMBRANE/ PLASMA LEMMA” CELL  The outermost structure of the cell that decides its contour is  Basic unit of life the cell membrane.  Aggregation of cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ system →  SEMIPERMEABLE, allows only non-polar molecules to enter the Organism cell  Molecular Composition  Components: → Water (70-75%) → Phospholipids → Organic Molecules/Biomolecules (essential to life) - main component of lipid bilayer complecx  Nucleic Acids - 1 hydrophobic head and 2 hydrophilic tail  Proteins → Glycoprotein and glycolipids  Carbohydrates  Glycoprotein  Lipids - is a conjugate protein where the prosthetic group is a carbohydrate Biomolecule Building blocks Major function - part of the integral membrane of the proteins - play a vital role in cell-cell interaction and Nucleic acids Deoxyribonucleic acid Genetic material - DNA Ribonucleic acid template for protein pathogenic response bu the host - RNA synthesis  Glycolipids - lipids with carbohydrate attached to a glycosidic Proteins α-amino acid Cell molecules that covalent bond carry out work (ex. - maintain the stability of cell membrane and enzyme) facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to the Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Short term of energy immune response as (glycogen is the → Cholesterol main storage form of - biosynthesize by all animal cells glucose) - essential structural component of animal cell Lipids Fatty acids Numerous functions membrane (ex. Membrane - yellowish crystalline solid component of the long - precursor in the biosynthesis of steroid term storage of energy hormones, bile acids, and Vitamin D as fat) - fluidity and consistency of cell Main way of the body → Arachidonic acid to store excess - polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid (20:4) with a nutrient double bond at 5, 8, 11, and 14 covalently bond to esterified form in the cell membrane of most of the → Inorganic Molecules body cells  Trace Elements - irritation and injury, the arachidonic acid releases - ex. Na, K, Mg, Cu, Fe, and Anions (Chloride, and oxygenates by the enzyme system leading to Phosphate, Bicarbonate, Sulfate, Iodide, and the formation of important inflammatory mediator Fluoride) called EICOSANOIDS - a substrate for eicosanoid synthesis, from COX CELL pathway to Prostaglandins and TX or PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE thromboxanes; LOX pathway will form LTs or 1  OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICAL SEMINAR I leukotrienes; and CYP 450 pathway form various  HEMOPHILIA B epoxy, hydroxy, and dihydroxy derivatives - deficiency of factor IX IMPORTANT INFO → Nuclear Membrane Fluid Mosaic Model - protects the genetic material - describes the structure of cell membrane  Nuclear pores - indicates that the cell is not solid and it is flexible with - for the exchange of material between nucleus similar consistency to a vegetable oil, so that all individual and the rest of the cell molecule are all floating in a fluid medium and capable of  Nuclear envelope moving side-ways within the cell membrane - two layered outer limit that separates from cytoplasm Organism Membrane/wall Sterol present  Cytoplasm Plants Cellulose Phytosterol and B- - numerous enzymes, proteins, and many other Sitosterol solutes are found in the cytosol or liquid portion of Bacteria Peptidoglycan the cytoplasm, which is the main site for glycolysis, Fungi Chitin Ergosterol HMP shunt, and activation of amino acid and fatty acid synthesis  Cell division IMPORTANT INFO - process by which a parenteral cell divides in two Cellulose a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of or more daughter cells several hundreds to many thousand link dextrose glucose  Centromere units; important structural components of the primary cell - a constricted region of chromosome that separate wall of green plants it into short r (p) and long arm (q) PHYTOSTEROL is similar to cholesterol and serve as Characteristics Prokaryote Eukaryote structural component of biological membrane of plants Chromosome Single circular Paired linear BETA-SITOSTEROL a white waxy powder with Chromosome Nucleoid Nucleus characteristic odor and component of food additive E499 location Nucleolus Absent Present PEPTIDOGLYCAN or murine; a polymer consisting of Extra chromosomal Plasmid Mitochindria and sugar and amino acid that forms a mesh-like-layer DNA Chloroplast outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria forming Site of cellular Cell membrane Mitochondria the cell wall respiration Ribosomes 30s and 50s/70s 40s and 60s/80s in CHITIN (C8H13O5N) a long-chain polymer of N- cytoplasm/70s in acetylglucosamine; an amide derivative of glucose organelles Locomotion Rotating flagella and Undulating flagella gliding and cilia, and also NUCLEUS amoeboid  “CONTROL center of the cell” Pili Sex or attachment Absent  information center of eukaryotic cell. It is mainly concentrated in pill the form of CHROMOSOMES  Components: IMPORTANT INFO → Nucleolus PLASMID is a small-circular double stranded DNA for - site of ribosomal assembly or ribosoma; RNA antibiotic resistance synthesis; a nuclear matrix - contains enzymes involve in the synthesis of MITOCHONDRIA is the power-house of the cell or DNA and RNA electron transport enzyme fro citric acid cycle , beta - dark spot in the middle of the nucleus that helps oxidation, and respiratory chian make ribosomes → Chromosomes PILI adds up to the virulence of bacteria or form of  Chromatin attachment - a thread-like loose network; not present in cell division ORGANELLES  Chromosomes - a rod-like coiled network; present in cell division  a specialized sub-unit within a cell that has a specific function - found in the nucleus  Components: - made up of DNA and proteins → Mitochondria - XX (23 female chromosomes) - It has an inner and outer membrane which - XY (23 male chromosomes) consists of proteins and phospholipids - TRISOMY 21 OR DOWN SYNDROME term for - “Powerhouse of the cell” due to production of having an extra chromosomes ATP/energy - Y LINKED a condition if the mutated gene that - CARDIOLIPIN an inner phospholipid present causes the disorder is located at the Y and an important component of inner chromosome; father to son disorder mitochoindrial membrane, which constitute 20% of - HEMOPHILIA is the lack of clotting factor which the total lipid composition produces excessive bleeding - CRISTAE a term for inner division  HEMOPHILIA A → Lysosomes - deficiency of factor VIII - Called as ‘SUICIDAL BAGS’ or ‘DEMOLITION - most common SITE; of the cell 2  OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICAL SEMINAR I - Lysosomal enzymes digest the molecules Scrapie Sheep brought into the cell by phagocytosis Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Humans - breakdown excess or worn out cell parts to destroy viruses and bacteria → Vacuole - 3 types of cell death → Plastids 1. Necrosis → Cell wall - aka “cell murder” - the cell undergo necrotic death if Animals Plant cells the cell membrane is damage or due Shape Round or irregular Rectangular to the decrease oxygen supply and if shape energy production is block Cell wall Absent (Cell Present 2. Atropy membrane) - due to absence of survival factors Plastids None Present 3. Apoptosis Vacuole 1 or more 1 - a program cell death - responsible for metastasis → Peroxisomes CELL FUNCTION - aka Peroxidases and Catalases  Transport - are also small vesicles surrounded by a → Diffusion membrane. They are also called as - a passive process of transport MICROBODIES - a single substance move from area of high conc to are - they contain enzymes for H2O2 metabolism of low conc - ZELLWEGER’S SYNDROME/SPECTRUM  Passive DISORDERS  Simple - a defective in gene required in the formation - (like dissolves like) and function of peroxisomes  Facilitated - characterized by a low muscle tone - saturable and limited by numbers of carriers (hypotonia), development delay, early death, - w/ a carrier of transport protein seizure, and skull malformations  Active - an adrenoleukodystrophy damage, a white - moves from area of low conc to area of high matter of the brain and impairs the adrenal conc with the requirement of energy glands; children may show delayed → Endocytosis development but not have vision and - movement into the cell hearing problems until adulthood  Phagocytosis → Ribosomes - “cell eating” - very small macromolecular complexes  Pinovytosis composed of rRNA and proteins responsible in - “cell drinking” protein synthesis (translation) on mRNA templates - e.g. fats, glycerin, starch, parasite eggs, vitamins → Endoplasmic Reticulum A,B, E and K, plastic particles, hairs, yeast, ferritin, - system of fluid filled with cisterns or foldings and insulin - ROUGH E.R → Exocytosis - are involved in protein synthesis - movement out of the cell - ribosomes are present - SMOOTH E.R BIOMOLECULES - Lipids synthesis - Ribosomes are NOT present Two types of Biochemical Substances → Golgi apparatus Bioinorganic Bioorganic - are well developed in cells, which are involved in Water Carbohydrates SECRETION involved in glycosylation and Inorganic salts Lipids sulfation of proteins Proteins - modify and package protein Nucleic acid - stack of flatten socks → Plasmids Biomolecule Building blocks Bonds Examples - advantages on the host: Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Glycosidic Starch and - confer resistance to toxins and antibiotics glycogen - some encode for proteins which confer Lipids Fatty acids Ester Triglycerides virulence factors on the host and Waxes - e.g. E.coli plasmid Ent P307 codes for an Nucleic acids Nucleotides Phosphodiester DNA and enterotoxin which makes E.coli pathogenic RNA - conjugative plasmids Proteins Amino acids Peptide Pepsin and - these allow exchange of DNA between Hbg bacterial cells → Prions - infectious agents consisting of proteins but no CARBOHYDRATES nucleic acid  “Hydrates of carbon” - from proteinaceous and infectious  General formula: CnH2nOn DISEASES  Either a ketone or aldehyde and composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Bovine spongiform Cattle and Oxygen encephalopathy (BSE)/Mad  First product of photosynthesis cow disease 3