Pharmaceutical Biochemistry PDF

PHARMACEUTICAL KIJDS BIOCHEMISTRY  BIOCHEMISTRY The branch of science that explores the chemical processes and substances within living organisms. The study of the composition of living matter and the changes which occur in it. The science concerned with the chemical consti...

PHARMACEUTICAL KIJDS BIOCHEMISTRY  BIOCHEMISTRY The branch of science that explores the chemical processes and substances within living organisms. The study of the composition of living matter and the changes which occur in it. The science concerned with the chemical constituents of living cells and with the reactions and process they undergo PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY The branch of biochemistry that studies how chemical compounds found in medicine interact with the molecular components of cells such as nucleic acids, proteins, fats and carbohydrates. It investigates the nature of binding between drugs and receptors and the cellular mechanisms of drug action. Micromolecule – a molecule that is relatively smaller or of low molecular weight. ex: sugars(C12H22O11), water(H2O) Macromolecule – a molecule containing a very large number of atoms ex: lipids, synthetic fibers BIOMOLECULE – A molecule that is produced by or involved in the processes of living organisms ** biomolecules are organic molecules – contains carbon Four major types of biomolecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins  BIOMOLECULE BUILDING BLOCKS – MAJOR FUNCTION basic unit from which something is built CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharide Provides your body energy LIPIDS Fatty acid Numerous functions (ex: membrane components of the long term storage of energy as fat) NUCLEIC ACID DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Genetic material template for acid protein synthesis – store and RNA – Ribonucleic acid transfer genetic information PROTEINS α-amino acid Usually they are the molecules of the cell that carry out work (ex: enzymes) QUICK RECAP CELL – basic unit of life – it is the smallest structural and functional unit of biology Two types of cell: EUKARYOTIC CELLS PROKARYOTIC CELLS  Parts of PROKARYOTIC CELLS: Cell membrane – a protective cover made of phospholipids and proteins Cell wall – rigid layer that provide structure and protection from the outside environment Capsule – layer of polysaccharides that helps the cell stick to a surface Nucleoid – region where genetic material is found Ribosome – molecules that make proteins Pili – rod-shaped structures that help the cell attach and transfer DNA Flagella – thin, hair-like structure that help the cell move Parts of EUKARYOTIC CELL: CELL MEMBRANE/PLASMA MEMBRANE – holds and protects the cell. – sometimes called plasma, cytoplasmic or cellular membrane. – it is like a skin which protects it from outside world. – composed of large molecules of proteins and phospholipids (sterols) – regulates the passage of nutrients, waste products , secretions into and out of the cell – has selective permeability where only certain substances may enter or leave the cell “FLUID MOSAIC MODEL” – often used to describe the membrane Components of the cell membrane: a. PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER OUTSIDE INSIDE Head – polar (hydrophilic which means it loooves water) Tail – nonpolar (hydrophobic does not like water) b. CHOLESTEROL – increases the fluidity of the membrane *in low temp: prevents overly tightening of phospholipids *in high temp: pulls off phospholipids together c. PROTEIN PERIPHERAL *Integral protein – inserted/ embedded PROTEIN on cell membrane ; acts as transport **ex: glucose is too big to enter between the phospholipid bilayer, it uses integral protein to enter * Peripheral protein – loosely attached, protruding out of the cell ; acts as receptor INTEGRAL PROTEIN 2. NUCLEUS – primary difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells – has true nucleus which controls the entire cell and acts as command center. Three components: a. nucleoplasm – gelatinous matrix or base material of the nucleus b. chromosomes – either embedded or suspended in the nucleoplasm(double helix) c. nuclear membrane – serves as skin around nucleus which contains holes (nuclear pores) through which large molecules can enter or exit **nucleolus – where tRNA molecule is manufactured – it exits the nucleus and becomes part of the structure of ribosomes 3. CYTOPLASM – semifluid, gelatinous, nutrient matrix which houses important organelles in the cell like the golgi apparatus, ER, mitochondria, vacuoles **cytosol – semifluid portion of the cytoplasm 4. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM – highly convoluted(very twisted) system of membranes that are interconnected and arranged to form a transport network of tubules and flattened sacs within the cytoplasm. – produces proteins for the rest of the cell to function. *Rough ER – has ribosomes hence it being rough which attaches to the outer surface of the membrane *Smooth ER – not attached to the membrane 5. RIBOSOMES – 18-22 nm in diameter – consists of rRNA(ensures the codon sequence is accurately translated into protein) – used for manufacturing of proteins **polyribosomes/polysomes – clusters of ribosomes held together by a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) **composed by two subunits: a. 60S – large subunit produced in b. 40S – small subunit nucleolus ***to be transported to cytoplasm which remains separated until joined with mRNA molecule to initiate protein synthesis (though not all are matured) 6. GOLGI APPARATUS/ GOLGI COMPLEX – stack of flattened, membranous sacs which completes the transformation of newly synthesized proteins into mature, functional ones. – packages proteins into small, membrane-enclosed vesicle storage within the cell/ exports outside the cell **hence the name “packaging plants” 7. LYSOSOMES – small vesicles that originates from golgi apparatus (1micrometer diameter) – contains LYSOZYME and other digestive enzymes that breakdowns foreign material taken into the cell – also aid in breaking down worn out parts of the cell and may destroy entire cell **suicide sacs 8. PEROXISOMES – contains digestive enzymes for breaking down toxic materials and carries out oxidative reactions using molecular oxygen – membrane-bound vesicles which hydrogen peroxide is both generated and broken down – contains enzyme catalase which speeds up breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen 9. MITOCHONDRIA – “powerhouse of the cell”; “powerplants” ; “energy factories” – where most of ATP molecules are formed by cellular respiration **ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate) – energy necessary for cell to function ; major energy-carrying or energy-storing molecules within cell. ***(trivia) 10. CYTOSKELETON – system of fiber serve to strengthen, support and stiffen the cell Three types: a. microtubules essential for cell division, b. microfilaments contraction, motility c. intermediate filaments  MITOSIS MEIOSIS Cell multiplication Cell division Cytoplasmic division Cytoplasmic and nuclear division Somatic/body cell ex:skin cell; stomach cell Sex cells / gametes ex: egg& sperm cells Diploids(complete set of chromosome) Haploids (half of the total chromosome) MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS – both involved in making new cells Example: HUMANS = 46 chromosomes with 23 pairs **22= somatic **1= sex chromosome ***female : XX ***male: XY ANEUPLOIDY – any abnormality in number of chromosomes (chromosomal mutation) MITOSIS MEIOSIS P – prophase P1 – prophase M – metaphase M1 – metaphase A – anaphase A1 – anaphase T – telophase T1 – telophase C – cytokinesis P2 – prophase M2 – metaphase A2 – anaphase T2 – telophase C – cytokinesis  Abnormalities: TRISOMY 21/ DOWN’S SYNDROME – abnormality in the 21st pair of chromosome (triplets) – 47 chromosomes – features: retardation, distinct physical feature – diagnosis: isolation of amniotic fluid XXX/TRISOMY X – chromosome disorder where female has extra copy of X chromosome – features: retardation, distict physical feature, short lifespan XXY/KlINEFELTER’S SYNDROME – biologically male, exhibit female traits