Prefinals RLW PDF

GE1804 LCD SLIDES AS HANDOUTS Defining Brotherhood "Brotherhood" can be experienced in various ways, from the bayanihan up to community service. "Sisterhood" is the "girl-power" version of this, where women take the lead in doing service. In this lesson, it matter...

GE1804 LCD SLIDES AS HANDOUTS Defining Brotherhood "Brotherhood" can be experienced in various ways, from the bayanihan up to community service. "Sisterhood" is the "girl-power" version of this, where women take the lead in doing service. In this lesson, it matters not what gender leads -- so long as help is offered to those in need, there will always be a strong fellowship. About The Pacto de Sangre The image presented in Slides 5-6 shows two (2) men were performing a blood compact where they both partake in wine in a shared goblet mixed with their blood (Ocampo, 2013). Blood compacts were usually done to signify that both parties are willing to die for each other's cause. The Filipino term for this is sandugo (trans. one blood or unified blood). This is represented by the painting shown, the critically-acclaimed El Pacto de Sangre created by the Filipino National Artist Juan Novicio Luna. Contrary to popular belief, the blood compact, or sandugo, is done by creating a small incision just slightly below the breast of each participant. The blood compact done through the arms were the ones done in the Katipunan (Ocampo, 2013). This is most commonly associated with the actions done by blood brothers, people who've shared and endured the same hardships, or through a solemn vow marked by their blood. These people might be born from different families, but they represent a familial brotherhood that are willing to die to help one another. The Spanish term for blood compact is Pacto de Sangre, roughly translated as a pact of blood and sandugo in Filipino. On Antonio de Morga Antonio de Morga, born Antonio de Morga Sanchez Garay on November 29, 1559, was a Spanish lawyer who headed the Real Audiencia de Manila for 20 years. He served first under Gov. Gen. Luis Perez Dasmariñas, then to Gov. Gen. Francisco Tello de Guzman. He was later reassigned to oversee the Real Audiencia de Mexico on July 10, 1603. He contributed to Philippine history through his account entitled Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Events in the Philippine Isles), to which Jose Rizal annotated and reprinted this in hopes of awakening Philippine patriotism. He made this historical source based on his knowledge and experiences, with several pieces of documentary research and first-hand observation. 05 Handout 2 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 1 of 1  GE1804 SUMMARIZED READINGS Filomeno V. Aguilar Jr.: The Pacto de Sangre in the Late Nineteenth-Century Nationalist Emplotment of Philippine History During the earlier conquest, Ferdinand Magellan did the blood compact with Rajah Humabon in hopes of winning the trust of the natives of the pre-colonial era. Magellan helped Humabon deal with the Barangay in Mactan, which led to Magellan's death and eventual retreat of the Spanish explorers. Since Magellan's death, many explorers ventured forth. Every explorer, save Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, failed. Upon his arrival, he did the blood compact, this time with Rajah Sikatuna of Bohol (Ocampo, 2013). This eventually began the conquest of both land and faith to the natives, winning out the natives in their Pontifical and Royal missions. To the Spaniards, since they partook in the blood compact, they made a solemn oath to "help" their native brothers and form an unbreakable brotherhood between nations, to which the pre-colonial Filipinos were clueless of the deceit in this pact. To the Filipinos, since the pre-colonial Philippines were wrapped in civil conflicts with other tribes and/or barangays, the concept of divide et impera [Lat. divide and rule] was easily applied by the Spanish conquistadores. And the blood pact that the Spaniards made enabled them to rally their native "allies" to fend off their "rebellious brethren" of their noble cause. This was further explored by the ilustrados as a contractual agreement between Spain and the Philippines, treating both parties as equals. This made the Filipinos swear an oath of loyalty to the king of Spain and, simultaneously, had become Spaniards in essence (Aguilar, 2010). According to the historians, the blood compact is a peace treaty between Spain and the pre-colonial Filipinos so that the "sins of the past," i.e. Magellan's fleet, might be forgiven and start a new relationship since Magellan's fleet are majorly Portuguese (since both Spaniards and Portuguese "looked alike"). This demonstrated Legaspi's diplomacy and tact, as well as Sikatuna's trusting nature (Ocampo, 2013). They dismissed the argument posited by the ilustrados since the pre-colonial Philippines was more than a warring cluster of diversified beliefs and cultures, which made them impossible to be a united country even before the arrival of Spain -- and before the Katipunan. Ambeth Ocampo: Rizal's Morga and Views of Philippine History Rizal's annotations on de Morga's account were banned during the Spanish period. However, unlike his novels, this one was largely ignored. A probable reason could be the language barrier since most would prefer to read his novels than with his historical research. Another factor is that his historical analysis is already dated due to the advancements in historical, archaeological, and ethnographical researches (Ocampo, 1998). Rizal was driven to do this research after completing Noli Me Tangere. He realized the importance of the past to study and understand the present time by scrutinizing what has transpired and learned from them (Ocampo, 1998). In the source, Morga wrote that the Sucesos's main objective was to provide a view for the Spanish readers of their deeds in discovering, conquering, and converting the natives. It also explained how they have amassed wealth from the various kingdoms from the conquered and converted indios. Rizal, however, argued that Spain hadn't conquered all since only several islands were conquered and converted. As a testament, Mindanao was mostly unconquered by the Spaniards. At his dedication, Rizal hoped to reawaken the feelings of patriotism within every Filipino that might come upon and read on his work. Each page has at least two (2) annotations provided by Rizal, including typographical errors. He was fervent in defending the culture of the pre-colonial Filipinos. This led to de Morga's observations being somewhat naïve to the Filipino culture. 05 Handout 3 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 1 of 4  GE1804 This makes Rizal somewhat biased as well, considering that the study of history must be unbiased and informative when appraising other materials. He also attacked the church, which somehow condemned the Roman Catholic religion. Catholicism also bore great deeds to the country, including the passage of secularization and providing public school education to the Filipinos. Rizal's annotations provided three (3) general ideas on pre-colonial history. The early Filipinos already had culture on their own, even before the advent of Spain. The early Filipinos were exploited, demoralized, decimated, and eventually ruined by Spain, speeding up their conquest. The Philippines during Rizal's time wasn't as flourishing compared to its pre-colonial past. Filomeno V. Aguilar Jr.: Cockfights and Engkantos: Gambling on submission and resistance The cultural and social aspects of cockfighting and local beliefs in supernatural creatures (i.e., engkanto) in the Philippines, especially on Negros Island, are examined in this chapter of Aguilar's book, Clash of Spirits. According to him, these occurrences serve as symbols for broader conflicts in society between deference to and opposition to colonial authority. Cockfighting is a representation of local defiance and deference to authority. Cockfighting and belief in engkantos (supernatural beings) are cultural manifestations of rebellion and survival in the face of oppression, and Aguilar connects these rituals to larger societal themes of dominance. Vicente Rafael: Conversion and the demands of confession The use of language, especially confession, by Spanish colonizers as a means of religious conversion and control in the Philippines during the early colonial era is examined in this chapter of his book, Contracting Colonialism: Translation and Christian Conversion in Tagalog Society Under Early Spanish Rule (1988). Rafael emphasized how the establishment of a colonial power dynamic relied heavily on confession. Filipinos had to submit to the Spanish priests, who acted as a bridge between the local populace and the Christian God, in order to confess. This procedure served as a kind of political control in addition to being a spiritual practice. In order to establish moral and social authority, the priests urged Filipinos to reveal their darkest innermost feelings and transgressions. Rafael also talked about Filipino subversion and resistance in this confessional interaction. Native Americans frequently used a variety of strategies, such as evasion or indirectness in their confessions, rather than fully caving in to the demands of the colonists. By using these tactics, they were able to participate in the confession while undermining its power, illustrating the intricate relationships between resistance and acquiescence under colonial control. By demonstrating how the physical and metaphorical imposition of a foreign language aided the colonial process by altering native identities and subjectivities, Rafael's work links confession to more general problems of translation and cultural change. Filomeno V. Aguilar Jr.: Romancing Tropicality: Ilustrado Portraits of the Climate in the Late Nineteenth Century The illustrations of José Rizal, Marcelo H., and others are examined by Aguilar. While living overseas in Europe, del Pilar and Antonio Luna saw the Philippines' tropical climate. Their works show a complicated interplay between the climate of their homeland and the story of Spanish colonization. Aguilar talked on the ilustrados' reactions to European representations of the tropics as a place of both paradise and decay. Instead of portraying the tropics as a place that encouraged indolence or backwardness, these Filipino intellectuals adopted a romanticized vision of them as a wellspring of creativity and genius. For example, in his well-known Brindis speech, Rizal complimented the tropical environment and attributed the creative success of Filipino painters Juan Luna and Félix Resurrección Hidalgo to it. But their impressions of the Philippines were also influenced by their experiences in Europe. The ilustrados missed the warmth and comfort of the tropics while in Spain, and Aguilar emphasized their sense of isolation. 05 Handout 3 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 2 of 4  GE1804 For example, Antonio Luna's works express his dissatisfaction with Spain's dry nature in contrast to the Philippines' lush surroundings. Del Pilar also bemoaned the chilly, dismal Spanish winters and expressed homesickness. Thus, the study contended that the ilustrados' romanticization of the tropical environment of the Philippines had two (2) functions: 1. It was a method to express Filipino identity and competence in reaction to colonial denigration, and 2. A critique of colonial governance. Since they presented the Philippine environment as a facilitator of national greatness rather than a barrier, this viewpoint on climate became essential to their anticolonial rhetoric. As a result, the ilustrados infused their works against colonial power with political and cultural meaning by reflecting on the atmosphere of their homeland through their experiences in Europe. Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas An important historical text that describes the Spanish colonization of the Philippines from Ferdinand Magellan's early discovery in 1521 to the early 17th century is Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. De Morga, a senior Spanish official, offers a firsthand perspective on the political, social, and economic climate of the Philippines in the early years of colonization. De Morga discusses the founding of Spanish towns, the early interactions between the Spanish and the native population, and the expeditions of Spanish explorers such Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in Volume 1. It details important occurrences like the creation of Manila, the settling of Cebu, and the spread of Christianity. De Morga talks on the numerous difficulties that the Spanish colonists had to deal with, including the need to appease the native populations, pirate raids, and the Spanish crown's economic goals. The text also examines the Catholic Church's involvement in colonization, emphasizing missionaries' attempts to convert the indigenous people to Christianity. De Morga also gives thorough explanations of local governance, customs, and interactions between the local aristocracy and the colonists. Later historians, such as José Rizal, have cited and translated this work because they believe it is a vital source for comprehending the early years of Spanish colonialism and the colonial past of the Philippines. As a Spanish colonial administrator, De Morga's viewpoint provides important context for understanding the tactics, achievements, and difficulties of Spain's Pacific imperial aspirations. Filomeno V. Aguilar Jr.: Tracing Origins: Ilustrado Nationalism and the Racial Science of Migration Waves This study explores how, in the late 19th century, racial science influenced Filipino national identity. Aguilar examined how ilustrados (i.e., educated Filipino elites), such as José Rizal, used European racial theories — specifically, Ferdinand Blumentritt's migration-waves hypothesis — to create a sense of national identity and history. According to this 19th-century migration hypothesis, the Philippines was successively populated by waves of racial groups, including Negritos, Malays, and Indonesians, each of whom drove the preceding group into more isolated regions. To refute colonial narratives of Filipino inferiority, Rizal and his contemporaries accepted the idea of a "third wave" of more "civilized" Malays, which they linked with themselves. Despite colonial depictions of Filipinos as racially inferior, the ilustrados aimed to create an image of Filipinos as being able to attain the same degree of civilization as their colonizers by associating themselves with this "advanced" group. Aguilar, however, also criticized the discriminatory nature of this nationalist endeavor, which excluded indigenous mountain peoples, Negritos, and Moros (i.e., Muslim Filipinos), who were viewed by the ilustrados as "uncivilized" and hence not included in the nation-building narrative. The Philippines' conception of national identity has been impacted for a long time by this racially biased approach to identity construction. 05 Handout 3 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 3 of 4  GE1804 According to Aguilar's analysis, the ilustrados created a complicated legacy that entwined nationalism with scientific racism. While they opposed colonial racism, they also strengthened some racial hierarchies in their own quest for national identity. 05 Handout 3 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 4 of 4  GE1804 LCD SLIDES AS HANDOUTS The Image of the Ilustrados The image shown in Slide 4 is all about the ilustrados who went to Europe to enact their Propaganda Movement to raise awareness of the Filipino condition during the Spanish Occupation: Jose Rizal - The most well-known ilustrado. He was a doctor, linguist, mixed martial artist, poet, novelist, writer, teacher, and scientist, to name a few of his distinctions. His well-known works are Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Marcelo del Pilar - Gregorio del Pilar's uncle with a sharp wit and an even sharper tongue. He was a fierce writer and critic of the Catholic church, particularly the corrupt friars of the Religious Orders. Juan Luna - A passionate artist with a background on realism and romanticism. He was the first Filipino artist to win a gold medal for composing his most famous paintings, Spoliarium and the El Pacto de Sangre. A little-known fact about him was that he was friends with the King of Spain, Alfonso XII. Antonio Luna - Juan Luna's fierce younger brother who was a scientist and writer before studying military science and became a general himself at the Philippine-American War. He's best remembered from the film Heneral Luna and through his engineering designs, such as the Luna Line, a military trench designed for guerilla warfare. Graciano Lopez Jaena - The journalist, orator, editor, and owner of La Solidaridad. Many historians regard him as one (1) of the best, alongside Marcelo del Pilar and Jose Rizal -- calling them the Ilustrado's "Triumvirate." Mariano Ponce - Most knew him from his well-known pen name, Tikbalang. Ponce was a physician- turned-writer-politician for Bulacan. His famous writing was Ang Wika ng Lahi, which tackled the importance of having a national language. He became a prominent member of the Nacionalista Partido, now known as the Nacionalista Party. Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo - Another renowned Filipino painter that won alongside Juan Luna. He netted the silver medal with his artwork Las virgenes Cristianas expuestas al populacho (The Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace), a historical impressionist painting that depicted female Christians being mocked and debased by boorish Roman men. Isabelo de los Reyes - Also known as Don Belong, is widely remembered for writing Ang Singsing ng Dalagang Marmol (The Marble Daughter's Ring), as well as being the founder of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente, now known as the Philippine Independent Church -- or the Aglipayan church. Dominador Gomez - The nephew of Fr. Mariano Gomez, this physician, was once a fiery orator and critic of both Spanish and American rule. But, his lasting legacy was when he unwittingly agreed to shorten his sentence by aiding the Americans in arresting Macario Sakay, Aguinaldo's general who fought and led the country in his [Aguinaldo] absence, in a pretense of peaceful negotiation. The Expatriates and their Reforms (A Modernized Visual Story) NOTE: The fictional story below, which is depicted by a series of images in Slide 6, only serves as a visual reference for you to answer the question posited by your instructor from Slide 5 in 06 SCORM 1. Three (3) police officers were informed to investigate the strange and unexplained events surrounding the prestigious Marhawa School hidden in Asia. They have an inside contact person in the school -- a biology professor named Dr. Doug Wright. When they lost contact with Dr. Wright, the three (3) cops went straight away to Marhawa School. Upon landing in Marhawa, the police agents were horrified to discover that the school was already run over by zombies. Since their communication devices couldn't send a distress signal, they were stranded in the infected school. Armed only with their standard gear, can they find and rescue their contact without them being infected? Why or why not? 06 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 1 of 4  GE1804 The Expatriates and their Reforms (The Rizal-Bonifacio Perspective) NOTE: The story below, which is depicted by a series of images in Slide 7, is an actual historical event that serves to reinforce the question posited by your instructor in Slide 5, and the story from Slide 6, in 06 SCORM 1. Andres Bonifacio, then a member of La Liga Filipina, talked to the Liga's founder, Jose Rizal, and proposed to combat the Spanish government and overthrow their rule, to which Jose Rizal himself stated that this would be unwise for the country. Why do you think Rizal said that to Bonifacio? THE ANSWER (for Slides 5-7): The country is lacking in materials, preparations, and resources to engage in any armed revolution. How it connects to Slide 6: Much like in a zombie apocalypse, rushing in without any form of planning and preparation is doomed to fail. In this scenario, the police officers who entered the premises without any form of proper preparations are like the ones who favor to do the Amendments because they believed that the people were suffering long enough that a brash action seems like the best course to take. How it connects to Slide 7: Similar to amending laws, the passing of an Amendment is likened to the discourse that both Rizal and Bonifacio once had. In it, the ones who don't favor the Amendments are like Rizal because planning an armed revolt takes a lot of time and discussion to secure and finalize all proceedings. Amending laws quickly and/or thoughtlessly can do more harm than good. The Expatriates and their Reforms (The Proposed Reforms) The ilustrados sought and fought for reforms for their fellowmen. The following were their reforms: 1. The ilustrados aimed to improve the conditions of the indios by proposing to have the Philippines be assimilated in the Spanish colony as a province rather than a territory. In this manner, they envisioned that the people might be more willing to live harmoniously with Spain if they were treated as equals rather than conquerors and serfs. 2. They also pushed for the secularization of priests, which the Filipino priests had fought and died for. Since the sudden drop of priest influx from Spain, more and more parishes lost their parishioners, and more Filipinos have been actively seeking theology. 3. They also wished to have more public schools be built that are independent of friars. They wanted to have schools that could cater to more Filipinos and poor people. 4. They also fought to have both polo and the bandala abolished. They deemed it cruel and unjust for the poor to be subjected to forced labor without getting any benefit -- and they have to pay taxes beyond their means -- which brought them to also fight for the indios' basic freedoms (or rights). 5. Finally, since they saw their fellowmen to be just as capable as the blancos, they fought for the Filipinos to be able to hold government positions, including representation in the Cortes Generales. Unfortunately, these reforms weren't merited and unsuccessful because of the following reasons: 1. Spain itself had its internal conflict. With the overthrown former monarchy, the country itself was in a state of turmoil after Queen Isabella II's exile. 2. Since the ilustrados began their studies and mission abroad, they always found themselves short of funds and must, therefore, find means to earn a living. Jose Rizal himself was hit hard by Spain's cost of living. 3. Within the ilustrados, themselves have sown seeds of discontent and mistrust. One (1) such event was the election within them to become the Responsable, the man who will lead the La Solidaridad to a new direction and conviction. The audience of 90 Filipinos were evenly divided between the Rizalistas and the Pilaristas. a. The Rizalistas were the Filipinos who stood by Jose Rizal, believing that La Solidaridad should be a force to drive political reforms and make the readers sensitive about the events happening within the political realm. 06 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 2 of 4  GE1804 b. The Pilaristas, on the other hand, were the Filipinos who stood by Marcelo del Pilar, believing that La Solidaridad should be the voice of the oppressed, the downtrodden, and the abused because of the greed and apathy of the corrupt friars. c. Since Rizal rescinded his victory, both parties mended their rivalries. Rizal then focused on finishing his novel, while del Pilar continued to lead Jaena's brainchild (i.e., the La Solidaridad). Deconstructing El Filibusterismo Basic Information Novel Title El Filibusterismo Publication Year 1891 Chapters 39 Main Protagonist Basilio Main Antagonist Corrupt friars and members of the Blancos Literary Style Fiction, Satire Rizal’s own convictions between reforms and Inspiration radicalism - Vengeance for the fallen Emphasis - Betrayal of trust and love - Greed to all manners of living o The title, El Filibusterismo, is a derivative phrase used first in Noli Me Tangere, which means "The Filibuster." Granted, it means a person who engages in an unauthorized war against a foreign nation. Ferdinand Blumentritt once noted to Rizal in their correspondence that he didn't get the meaning of the word, to which Rizal gladly gave its sense. o Rizal used the term filibustero to describe the GomBurZa because, according to him [Rizal], "… I heard it for the first time in 1872 when the tragic executions [of the Gomburza] took place. I still remember the panic that this word created. Our father forbade us to utter it, as well as the words Cavite, Burgos (one of the executed priests), etc. The Manila newspapers and the Spaniards apply this word to one whom they want to make a revolutionary suspect. The Filipinos belonging to the educated class fear the reach of the word. It… means a dangerous patriot who will soon be hanged or, well, a presumptuous man." The word can also be contextualized to be subversive, dissident, revolutionary, and treasonous, i.e., a rebel. o Due to the novel's bleak nature, it gets progressively darker as more acts of greed, betrayal, and vengeance are enacted by several characters in the novel. El Filibusterismo, or El Fili, has a deuteragonist and a tritagonist intertwined with the protagonist, Basilio. A deuteragonist is known as the secondary character, the pangalawang bida, which in the novel is none other than Crisostomo Ibarra, now named Simoun. He now posed as a jeweler and plotted to start an armed rebellion against Spain. He's driven by vengeance due to the series of unfortunate events that befell him when he got home (i.e., the main plot of Noli Me Tangere). 06 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 3 of 4  GE1804 A tritagonist is known as the tertiary character, or the pangatlong bida, which is Isagani in the novel. He is an idealistic youth full of love and optimism until events in the novel, which seemed minor at first, nearly destroyed his once simple and happy life. o This novel showed Jose Rizal's adamant conviction in his mission to seek reforms instead of an armed rebellion. It is further supported by the ending of El Filibusterismo, where Simoun committed suicide by poisoning and confessed his plans to Padre Florentino, who absolved him of his sins. One (1) of his confessions stated that the country is truly not yet ready for an armed rebellion. The Reasons Why El Fili was Written Same as Noli, with notable additions Presents a likely outcome to armed revolutions Reforms were ultimately ignored Dedicated to the GomBurZa Differences with Noli Me Tangere El Filibusterismo is darker in literary tone Story plot is shorter and direct Antagonists are more cynical and conniving Has an additional deuteragonist and tritagonist Reflects the improbability of radical socio-political changes 06 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 4 of 4  GE1804 SUMMARIZED READINGS Teodoro Agoncillo: History of the Filipino People The social, cultural, and legal structures of the pre-colonial Filipino people are examined in the "Early Customs and Practices" chapter of Teodoro Agoncillo's History of the Filipino People. The first Filipinos lived in barangays, which were tiny settlements or villages controlled by a datu. The timawa (freemen), alipin (slaves), and maharlika (noble) were the clearly defined social classes. The alipin class was separated into two groups: aliping saguiguilid, or household slaves without property, and aliping namamahay, or those who owned their homes. Customs surrounding marriage were complex, and dowries played a major role in discussions. A method of financial restitution, the bigay-kaya, was a dowry given by the husband to the bride's family. Families viewed marriages as alliances, and divorce was permitted in specific situations, such as adultery or desertion. Because early Filipinos' spiritual worldview was dominated by animistic beliefs, religion played a significant part in daily life. They worshipped anitos, which were spirits or deities, and carried out rites to please them, particularly for healing, protection, and abundant crops. The babaylan (or katalonan in other tribes), who functioned as spiritual leaders, frequently led rituals. The foundation of the legal system was batasan, or customary law, which was transmitted orally and interpreted by elders. The practice of trial by ordeal was widespread, requiring accused to do challenging activities in order to establish their innocence. Justice was served quickly, and depending on the seriousness of the offense, penalties ranged from fines to slavery. All things considered, the early traditions and customs showed a society with a well-organized social structure, unique cultural practices, and a belief system strongly rooted in spirituality and the natural world. Benedict Anderson: Why Counting Counts: A Study of Forms of Consciousness and Problems of Language in Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo Through a quantitative examination of the language used in José Rizal's two (2) major novels, Benedict Anderson's book presents a novel viewpoint on the works. In particular, he examined how Rizal's political and social vocabularies changed between Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as how his political consciousness and language changes over time. The use of Spanish, Tagalog, and lengua de Parian (i.e., the dialect of the Chinese mestizo class) by various people, including the narrator, across both works is one (1) of Anderson's main areas of interest. He looked at how the changing power and class dynamics in the colonial Philippines are reflected in these linguistic choices. He also examined how Rizal's intended audience changed over time, becoming more antagonistic toward Chinese mestizos, and how this secrecy reflected larger racial and national conflicts. The geographical roots of contemporary Filipino identity, which were influenced by the conflict between Spanish colonial rule and the increasing nationalist sentiment among Tagalog speakers, is another important issue. He emphasized how various languages were combined to create a cross-class lingua franca in Manila, signifying the multifaceted levels of political ambition and national identification found in Rizal's writing. In the end, the study clarified how Rizal handled these through his narrative and character development and how language in the books is entwined with larger political, social, and cultural themes. John Schumacher: The Propaganda Movement: 1880-1895 Summary Highlights Renewed Activity in Madrid The Propaganda Movement, after a period of inactivity, was reorganized in Madrid with the aim of advocating for reforms in the Philippines. Notable figures like Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Rizal were involved in this renewed effort. 06 Handout 2 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 1 of 2  GE1804 The movement employed various tactics, including writing articles, publishing newspapers, and lobbying for reforms. Rizal's Break with del Pilar Rizal and del Pilar had differing approaches to the Propaganda Movement. Rizal favored a more moderate approach, while del Pilar advocated for more radical reforms. These differences led to a split between Rizal and del Pilar, forming the Rizalitas and the Pilaristas. Rizal chose to focus on his literary works, while del Pilar continued to lead the Propaganda Movement after Rizal stepped down and gave his support to del Pilar. The Filipino Past and Education for the Future Rizal emphasized the importance of understanding Filipino history and culture as a means of fostering national identity. He believed that education was crucial for the development of a Filipino consciousness and for preparing the nation for independence. Rizal's literary works, such as Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, played a significant role in shaping Filipino national identity and inspiring the revolution. 06 Handout 2 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 2 of 2