PPG11_Q1_W2-3_Political-Ideologies_Bisquera_Apayao.pdf

Political Ideologies Module in Philippine Politics and Governance 11/12 First Quarter- Week 2 and Week 3 LENAVIC C. BISQUERA Developer Department of Education Schools Division Office of Apayao  Re...

Political Ideologies Module in Philippine Politics and Governance 11/12 First Quarter- Week 2 and Week 3 LENAVIC C. BISQUERA Developer Department of Education Schools Division Office of Apayao  Republic of the Philippines DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Cordillera Administrative Region Schools Division of Apayao Capagaypayan, Luna, Apayao Published by: Learning Resource Management and Development System COPYRIGHT NOTICE 2020 Section 9 of Presidential Decree No. 49 provides: “No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency of office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.” This material has been developed for the implementation of K-12 Curriculum through the Curriculum Implementation Division (CID)—Learning Resource Management and Development System (LRMDS). It can be reproduced for educational purposes and the source must be acknowledged. Derivatives of the work including creating an edited version, an enhancement or a supplementary work are permitted provided all original work is acknowledged and the copyright is attributed. No work may be derived from this material for commercial purposes and profit. ii  What I Know Before you start studying this module, take this simple test first to find out how much you already know about the topics in this module. Encircle the letter of the correct answer to each of the following questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. It is a belief that a man in the think or act as one wishes, a capacity that can be associated with the individual, a social group or a nation. a. Socialism b. Conservatism c. Liberalism d. Feminism 2. This ideology argues that everything about governments is repressive and therefore must be abolished entirely a. Anarchism b. Communism c. Conservatism d. Socialism 3. Its primary focus is the position of woman in the society. a. Feminism b. Fascism c. Communism d. Anarchism 4. A point of view that emphasizes tradition and established institutions and give greater attention to social entities that individual. a. Fascism b. Communism c. Anarchism d. Conservatism 5. Which of the following is not a political ideology? a. Feminism b. Fascism c. Anarchism d. Naturalism 5 6. Is a movement that stands for outmoded, repressive social and political conditions rejecting democracy, repudiates constitutionalism and stresses that all values arise from the state against which individual has no rights. a. Fascism b. Environmentalist c. Anarchism d. Socialism 7. Is an ideology focusing on the idea that environment is endangered and must be preserved through regulation and lifestyle changes? a. Socialism b. Environmentalist c. Anarchism d. Fascism 8. An ideology that stands in opposition to capitalism and proposes an alternative which is more humane and equitable. a. Socialism b. Environmentalist c. Anarchism d. Fascism 9. A set of political beliefs emphasizing individual rights and liberties. a. Socialism b. Liberalism c. Anarchism d. Marxism 10. A set of political beliefs on preservation of customs and tradidition that define the characteristics of a society. a. Conservatism b. Socialism c. Liberalism d. Anarchism 11. One way of differentiating between ideologies is their view of tradition. Which of the following ideologies is not hostile to tradition? a. Anarchism b. Conservatism c. Liberalism d. Socialism 6 12. What's the best explanation of liberalism? a. The philosophy of the Democratic National Party b. A philosophy advocating for government intervention to correct social problems c. A political philosophy focused on liberty d. A set of political and economic philosophies that centers around core values of liberty, equality, economic freedom, the rule of law, and limited and democratic government 13. Which of the following conditions does not depict the essence of communism? a. Poorest of the poor will be given governement services and attention same with the rich enjoys. b. Killing mass of people do not take part in cultural preservation c. Business firms will be alleviated and prohibited d. Create a stateless, classess society. 14. Anarchism is said to be the most chaotic of all political ideologies. Why is regarded as such? a. Because people do not care for each other thus running the society. b. If there is no state intervention, we are bound of war and conflicts. c. A better system based on volontary cooperation and not on power relations. d. All of the above. 15. The main goal of feminism is to? a. Assert minority rights. b. Change behaviour c. Protect women from alienation d. Change the practical nature of society 7  Lesson Political Ideologies 2. 2 What’s In Answer the following questions: 1. _____________________________is a systematic body of concepts especially about human life or culture. 2.___________________________ is a set of related beliefs about political theory and policy held by an individual, group of individuals or a particular social class. What’s New Activity 1: Four Pic One Word Instruction: Identify what type of political ideologies is reflected in the pictures. 8  What is It Think about this “Ideologies gives us the picture of the existing reality, answering “what is wrong, what went wrong and why”, what does it mean? Political Ideologies 1. Liberalism (The Left) The term Liberalism derived from the Latin word "liber" which means "free men" in short, men who were neither serfs nor slaves. A view that sees more need for change and improvement in social relations requiring governmental involvement (Schrems, 2011) and that society must be free, if it is possible, free from government intervention (Moten and Islam, 2011 It supports promoting the individual welfare and supporting civil rights and accepts peaceful political, social change within the existing political system. It is a belief that man is generally good and that his ability to reason allows him to attain economic, political, and social progress (Dooley, 2013). Thus, the central theme of liberal ideology is a commitment to the individual and the desire to construct a society in which man can satisfy their interests and achieve fulfillment (Heywood, 2012). Set of values and beliefs of Liberalism (Heywood, 2012) ❖ Individualism. It is the belief in the supreme importance of the individual over any social group or collective body. ❖ Freedom. The ability to think or act as one wishes, a capacity that can be associated with the individual, a social group or a nation. Belief in the supreme importance of the individual leads naturally to a commitment to individual freedom. Individual liberty is the supreme political value and the unifying principle of liberal ideology. 9  ❖ Reason. The power of reason gives human beings the capacity to take charge of their own lives and fashion their own destinies. Humankind was emancipated from the grip of the past and the weight of custom and tradition. ❖ Justice. It is a moral standard of fairness and impartiality. It is as well denotes giving what is due to each person. ❖ Toleration. It is forbearance. Willingness to accept views or action with which one is in disagreement. Two types of liberalism ❖ Classical liberalism as Heywood (2012) puts it, subscribed to egotistical individualism; have a belief in negative freedom; the state is regarded at best as a 'necessary evil'; and have a broadly positive view of civil society. ❖ Neoliberalism posits that states are constantly interacting with each other and that they value cooperation as part of their own interest. It further refers to the revival of economic liberalism. It is equated with a belief in market fundamentalism — the absolute faith in the market, reflecting the belief that the market mechanism offers solutions to all economic and social problems. 2. Conservatism (The Right) The term "conservatism" derived from the term conservation. It is a political philosophy that tends to support the status quo and advocates change only in moderation upholding the value of tradition and seeks to preserve all that is good about the past (Dooley, 2013). A point of view that emphasizes tradition and established institutions and give greater attention to social entities than to individuals having the inclination to oppose any change in political environment. 3. Social Democracy It is a moderate or reformist brand of socialism that favor a balance between the market and the state rather than the abolition of capitalism. It is an ideological stance that supports a full balance between market capitalism, 10 on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other side. Social democracy lacks a systematic underlying theory and is inherently vague (Heywood, 2011). Moreover, it is the mildest form of socialism, stressing welfare measure but not state ownership of industry (Roskins, 2012). Social Democrats, according to Roskins, et. al (2012), have abandoned the state property. They further said that social democracies have become welfare states that focus on the improvement of living conditions such as unemployment and medical insurance, generous pensions, and subsidized food and housing. 4. Communism It is an economic, social, and political system seeking government ownership of the means production and services directed by a process of scientific administration and universal asset (Schrems, 2011). It is an extreme left-wing ideology. Based on the revolutionary socialist teachings of Karl Marx, characterized by collective ownership and a plan economy. Thus, each should work to their capability and will receive according to their needs. 5. Fascism Fascism is a movement that stands for outmoded, repressive social and political conditions rejecting democracy, repudiates constitutionalism and stresses that all values arise from the state against which the individual has no rights. Moreover, authentic freedom is in subjugation to an authoritarian, totalitarian and omnipotent state thus, rejecting equality and replaces the principle of hierarchy to a supreme leader whose will is law (Moten and Islam, 2011). Fascism has a strong anti-rational, ant liberal, anti-conservative, anti- capitalism, anti-bourgeois, anti-communist and so on. Salient Features of Fascism: ❖ Totalitarianism ❖ Nationalism ❖ Anti – liberalism ❖ Militarism and Violence ❖ Leadership 11 6. Religious Fundamentalism Religious fundamentalism is an unusual political ideology. The word fundamentalism is taken from the Latin word fundamental, meaning base. It is associated with inflexibility, dogmatism, authoritarianism or worst violence. It is characterized by a rejection of the distinction between politics and religion (Heywood, 2011). The following are the themes of religious fundamentalism: ❖ Religion as politics ❖ The fundamentalist impulse ❖ Anti-modernism ❖ Militancy 7. Socialism The term socialism derived from the word 'socialist' in Latin social meaning to combine or to share. As Schrems (2011) puts it, socialism is an economic and political doctrine advocating governmental ownership and direction of production and services but which would retain existing institution as the means of regulating them. It is also viewed as an ideology which opposed capitalism and tries to provide a more humane and socially valuable substitute. Moreover, socialism adheres to social equality which is the main way to attain social stability and cohesion (Heywood,2011). "The supreme principle of socialism is that man takes precedence over things, life over property, and hence, work over capital; that power follows creation, and not possession; that man must not be governed by circumstances, but circumstances must be governed by man. (Erich Fromm, On Disobedience: Why Freedom Means Saving No to Power) Distinctive ways of understanding socialism: ❖ Socialism is seen as an economic model. ❖ Socialism as an instrument of the labor movement. 12  ❖ Socialism as a political creed encompasses community, cooperation, equality, class politics and collective ownership. 8. Feminism Feminism is, derive from a Latin word Femina meaning women or female, concerned with the attainment of gender equality in the political, economic and social spheres of life. Its primary focus is the position of women in the society. The basic idea of feminism is: that women experience a poor state in society as a consequence of the patriarchy, male domination of women, which has historically characterized all social relationships and that this disadvantage can and should be overthrown (Heywood, 2012). Feminists contend that patriarchy continues to be manifested in the systematic deprivation of individual choices, political power, economic opportunities, and intellectual recognition currently experienced by women. "Feminism is the struggle to end sexist oppression. Therefore, it is necessarily a struggle to eradicate the ideology of domination that permeates Western culture on various levels, as well as a commitment to reorganizing society so that the self-development of people can take precedence over imperialism, economic expansion, and material desires. (bell hooks Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center) 9. Environmentalism Environmentalism is an ideology focusing on the idea that environment is endangered and must be preserved through regulation and lifestyle changes (Roskin et.al., 2012). Its concern is about the natural environment and particularly about reducing environmental degradation that is more of a policy orientation rather than an ideological stance (Heywood, 2012). The regulation was only part of the environmental credo. 10. Anarchism The belief that the best government is absolutely no government is known as anarchism. This ideology argues that everything about governments is repressive and therefore must be abolished entirely. A related ideology known as nihilism emphasizes that everything—both government and society—must 13 be periodically destroyed in order to start anew. Nihilists often categorically reject traditional concepts of morality in favor of violence and terror. Anarchism and nihilism were once associated with socialism because many anarchists and nihilists supported the socialists’ call for revolution and the complete overhaul of government and society in the early to mid-twentieth century. 11. Libertarianism This is another version of anarchism but involves the government in a minimal role such as ensuring the safety of everyone and fairness in whatever contracts or dealing (Sargent, 2009). Learning about political ideologies is advantageous in understanding certain political contexts. In the Philippines, different political ideologies like Marxism and communism have affected different political-historical events such as the First Quarter storm during the Marcos dictatorship and the formulation of defend insurgents in the country like the New People’s Armey (NPA) of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP). There are other ideologies depending on the issue or aspects of human life one is studying. There are also new ideologies that may crop up. Remember that multitude and complexity of some issues in politics and governance, we cannot be all too liberal or all too conservative. 14  What’s More Activity 1: Song Analysis Cotabato by: ASIN 1. Reflect on the last part of the song: Dahil walang respeto sa prinsipyo ng kapwa tao, Kapwa Filipino ang kinakalaban mo! Ang gulo…. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. How should we address our differences in our beliefs, principles/ideologies? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Assessment 1 A. Jumbled words. Study the scrambled letters and try to unscramble or rearrange the letters to form a word and to answer the questions below. 1. LIERALISBM _________________________________ 2. FMENISMI _________________________________ 3. MMUCOMINS _________________________________ 4. CISOLISMA _________________________________ 5. ENNTVIROANMELISM _________________________________ B. Using the answer above, fill in the blanks below. 1. _____________ is the struggle to end sexist oppression. 2. _____________is an extreme left-wing ideology based on the revolutionary socialist teachings of Marx. 3. _____________concern about natural environment and particularly about reducing environmental deration. 4. _____________ viewed as an ideology which opposed capitalism. 5. _____________ is a belief that man is generally good and that his ability to reason allow him to attain economic, political, and social progress 15  Activity 2: Complete the table by comparing the following political ideologies based from the given perspective. Conservatism Communism Perspective Anarchism Liberalism Socialism Fascism Human Nature Individual Society Equality State Mode of Change Assessment 2: Classify the following Ideologies with their Perspectives stated on each item. Write your answer on a separate sheet. 1. As the state is inherently evil and oppressive, all states have the same essential character. 2. This ideology has contrasting views of the state. 3. It rejects the state outright, believing it to an unnecessary evil. 4. Sees the state as a neutral arbiter among competing interests and groups in society, a vital guarantee of social order. 5. Links the state to the need to provide authority and discipline ad to protect society from chaos and disorder, hence their traditional preference for a strong state. 16 6. An ideology that sees the state as a supreme ethical ideal, reflecting the undifferentiated interests of the national community, hence their belief in totalitarianism. 7. This ideology argues that everything about governments is repressive and therefore must be abolished entirely. 8. Its primary focus is the position of women in the society. 9. Its concern is about the natural environment and particularly about reducing environmental degradation that is more of a policy orientation rather than an ideological stance 10. It is a political philosophy that tends to support the status quo and advocates change only in moderation upholding the value of tradition and seeks to preserve all that is good about the past. Activity 3: Identify on what political ideology/ideologies the following organizations in the Philippines belong. Write your answer on a separate sheet. 1. National Democratic Front (NDF) -1973 2. Malayang Kilusan ng Bagong Kababaihan (MAKIBAKA)- 3. Opus Dei (Work of God) 4. Philosophical Association of the Philippines 5. Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Foundation 6. Communist Party of the Philippines 7. General Assembly Binding Woman for Reform, Integrity, Equality, Leadership and Action (GABRIELA) 8. National Institute of Policy Studies (NIPS) 9. Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) 10. United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNDO) 17  Assessment 3: A. Answer the following questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet. 1. How would each ideology answer a question: Is the state a means to an end, or is the state the end in itself? 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having or promoting a certain ideology? 3. Which political ideology best describes the nature of democracy in the Philippines, and why? 4. How does political ideology shape the condition of the political community? Is the current state of the Philippines reflective of the role of political ideology in shaping the way of life of Filipinos? B. Answer the crossword puzzle. Across: Down 2.another version of anarchism 1. It is a moral standard of fairness and impartiallity 3.Sees the state as the 4. forbearance neutral arbiter 5. opposite of liberalism 6.Sees the state as the supreme 7. it means women or ethical ideal female 8. political system seeking 9. has contrasting views government ownership of the state 10. free man 18  What I Have Learned Sum It Up! 1. Today I have learned that _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2. The topic that is NOT clear to me is/are _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ What I Can Do Reflective and Integrative Approach If you are given a chance to follow a political ideology, which political ideology will you choose? Why? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 19  Assessment Encircle the letter of the correct answer to each of the following questions. Write you answer on a separate sheet. 1. It is a belief that a man in the think or act as one wishes, a capacity that can be associated with the individual, a social group or a nation. a. Socialism b. Conservatism c. Liberalism d. Feminism 2. This ideology argues that everything about governments is repressive and therefore must be abolished entirely a. Anarchism b. Communism c. Conservatism d. Socialism 3. Its primary focus is the position of woman in the society. a. Feminism b. Fascism c. Communism d. Anarchism 4. A point of view that emphasizes tradition and established institutions and give greater attention to social entities that individual. a. Fascism b. Communism c. Anarchism d. Conservatism 5. Which of the following is not a political ideology? a. Feminism b. Fascism c. Anarchism d. Naturalism 20 6. Is a movement that stands for outmoded, repressive social and political conditions rejecting democracy, repudiates constitutionalism and stresses that all values arise from the state against which individual has no rights. a. Fascism b. Environmentalist c. Anarchism d. Socialism 7. Is an ideology focusing on the idea that environment is endangered and must be preserved through regulation and lifestyle changes? a. Socialism b. Environmentalist c. Anarchism d. Fascism 8. An ideology that stands in opposition to capitalism and proposes an alternative which is more humane and equitable. a. Socialism b. Environmentalist c. Anarchism d. Fascism 9. A set of political beliefs emphasizing individual rights and liberties. a. Socialism b. Liberalism c. Anarchism d. Marxism 10. A set of political beliefs on preservation of customs and tradidition that define the characteristics of a society. a. Conservatism b. Socialism c. Liberalism d. Anarchism 11. Which of the following conditions does not depict the essence of communism? a. Poorest of the poor will be given governement services and attention same with the rich enjoys. b. Killing mass of people do not take part in cultural preservation c. Business firms will be alleviated and prohibited d. Create a stateless, classess society. 21 12. Anarchism is said to be the most chaotic of all political ideologies. Why is regarded as such? a. Because people do not care for each other thus running the society. b. If there is no state intervention, we are bound of war and conflicts. c. A better system based on volontary cooperation and not on power relations. d. All of the above. 13. Which of the following organization is an example of Liberalism? a. Malayang Kilusan ng Bagong Kababaihan (MAKIBAKA)- b. Opus Dei (Work of God) c. Philosophical Association of the Philippines d. Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Foundation 14. It is the belief in the supreme importance of the individual over any social group or collective body. a. Freedom b. Individualism c. Reason d. Justice 15. Which of the following is not a silient point of Fascism? a. Nationalism b. Anti – liberalism c. Socialism d. Totalitarianism 22  Additional Activity 1. Choose a historical figure in your Barangay, Municipality or Province. Then write a short biography that address this guiding questions: a. Why is this individual a great leader? b. How is his/her political belief linked to the Philippine politics? Name of Leader:________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Interview a politician in your community regarding their advocacy and belief. Based on his/her advocacy and belief, identify the kind of ideolofy that he/she believes in. 23  24 Assessment 3 Activity 3 Assessment 2 Across 1. Anarchism 1. Fascism 2. Socialism 2. Socialism 2. liberalitarianism 3. Conservatism 3. Anarchism 3. liberalism 4. Liberalism 4. Liberalism 6. fascism 5. Environmentalism 5. Conservatism 8. communism 6. Communism 6. Fascism 10. liber 7. Feminism 7. Anarchism 8. Liberalism 8. Feminism Down 9. Religious 9. Environmentalism Fundematalism 10. Conservatism 1.justice 10. Liberalism 4. toleration 5. conservatism 7. femina 9. socialism What I Know Assessment 1 Assessment 1. C A. 1. C 2. B 1. Liberalism 2. B 3. A 2. Feminism 3. A 4. D 3. Communism 4. D 5. D 4. Socialism 5. D 6. A 5. Environmentalism 6. A 7. B B. 1. Feminism 7. B 8. A 2. Communism 8. A 9. B 3. Environmentalism 9. B 10. A 4. Socialism 10. A 11. B 5. Liberalism 11. A 12. D 12. D 13. C 13. C 14. B 14. B 15. C 15. C Answer Key  References Books Pawilen, R.A. and Pawilen, Reiden M., Philippine Politics and Governance. Manila: Rex Publishing, 2017. Tabajen ,Rhene C. and Pulma, Erlinda B., Philippine Politics and Governance, Manila: JFS Publishing Services, 2016. Website Angeles, Kristene. Lesson 1. Introduction: The concepts of politics and governance. https:// www.academia.education Babatu-on, Juna. Daily Lesson Pplan Philippine Politics and Governance. https:// www.academia.education Polidario, Aybi. Political Ideologies. https://www.slideshare.net Mr. Panaccio. Ideologies an Introduction. https://www.slideshare.net Silva, Nelson. Political Ideologies. https://www.slideshare.net 25 FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY Subject for Copyright Evaluation For inquiries or feedback, please write or email: Department of Education - Schools Division of Apayao Capagaypayan, Luna, Apayao Email Address: [email protected]