PPG Q2 Reviewer (Philippines) PDF

PPG Q2 REVIEWER MAJOR BRANCHES Legislative: Makes Law ( Article 6 ) Executive: Executes the Law ( Article 7 ) Judiciary: Interprets the Law ( Article 8 ) JUDICIARY – The judiciary is the branch of government which administers justice according to law. JBC(Judicial and Bar Council) – A con...

PPG Q2 REVIEWER MAJOR BRANCHES Legislative: Makes Law ( Article 6 ) Executive: Executes the Law ( Article 7 ) Judiciary: Interprets the Law ( Article 8 ) JUDICIARY – The judiciary is the branch of government which administers justice according to law. JBC(Judicial and Bar Council) – A constitutionally-created body in the Philippines responsible for recommending appointees to various positions within the judiciary. HOW TO FUNCTION The JBC's primary task is to recommend qualified individuals for vacancies in the Supreme Court, lower courts, the Legal Education Board, and the offices of the Ombudsman, Deputy Ombudsman, and Special Prosecutor. The JBC aims to enhance the search, screening, and selection process for judicial appointments, ensuring that only individuals with proven competence, integrity, probity, and independence are considered. CHIEF JUSTICE – Alexander G. Gesmundo is the 27th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ROLE OF CHIEF JUSTICE 1. Leads the Supreme Court 2. Oversees all courts 3. Presides over presidential impeachment trials 4. Certifies court decisions 5. Chairs judicial committees RTC(Regional Trial Court) – It's a court in the Philippines that has jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases within a specific geographic region. RTCs are the second level of courts in the Philippine judiciary, ranking below the Court of Appeals but above the Municipal Trial Courts. RTC is a court in the Philippines that: 1. Handles serious cases (criminal and civil) 2. Covers a specific region (province or city) 3. Decisions can be appealed 4. Has one judge MTC(Municipal Trial Court) – The local Court in the Philippines HANDLING THIS TYPES OF CASES 1. Small crimes (theft, vandalism) 2. Traffic cases 3. Civil disputes (property, contracts) 4. Minor offenses THE FIRST LEVEL COURTS Metropolitan Trial Court (MeTC): For big cities. (exp. Metro Manila) Municipal Trial Court in Cities (MTCC): For city cases. (exp. Cebu City) Municipal Trial Court (MTC): For town cases. (exp. Tagaytay, Cavite) Municipal Circuit Trial Court (MCTC): For the areas that hard to reach. (exp. Bontoc, Montain Province) KATARUNGAN PAMBARANGAY (Barangay Justice) – Helps resolve disputes between neighbors and community members. – Provides fast and affordable justice. – Encourages community involvement. – Handles minor cases like property disputes, debts and domestic conflicts. HOW IT WORKS: 1. Respectable community members form a council (Lupon). 2. They mediate disputes and help parties agree. 3. Aims to settle cases quickly and fairly. SANDIGANBAYAN (The Peoples Advocate) – The Sandiganbayan tries and decides criminal and civil cases against government officials and employees accused of graft and corruption and similar other cases. TYPES OF CASES 1. Graft and corruption 2. Bribery (giving or offering) 3. Crime involve theft of money from a business of employee 4. Malversation (misuse of public funds) 5. Other crimes committed by public officials NOTABLE CASES 1. Impeachment trials of public officials 2. Plunder cases against high-ranking officials 3. Corruption cases involving large-scale projects YOUTH EMPOWERMENT – Empowerment is defined as the process where children and young people are encouraged to take charge of their lives. They do this by addressing their situation and then take action in order to improve their access to resources and transform their consciousness through their beliefs, values, and attitudes. JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE – Judicial independence means the judiciary (courts and judges) operates freely, without influence or control from other people. KEY POINTS 1. Judges decide cases freely. 2. No government or outside influence. 3. Judges follow only the law. LGU (Local Government Unit) – It refers to the governmental structure below the national level in the Philippines, responsible for administering local affairs. LGU CODE OF 1991 – Republict Act. 7160 Decentralization: Transfers power and authority from National Government to LGUs 3 FORMS OF DECENTRALIZATION Devolution 1. Gives power to local governments unit 2. Local decision-making 3. Autonomy Deconcentration 1. Spreads administrative tasks 2. Central control remains 3. Efficient administration Debureaucratization 1. Simplifies government processes 2. Reduces red tape 3. Faster services BARANGAY – The smallest political unit in which cities and municipalities in the Philippines are divided. Municipality – A local government area, usually smaller than a province or state. – A self-governing community with elected officials. CITY – Large, permanent human settlements. – Local government units with defined boundaries. – Urban areas with concentrated populations. COMELEC (ROLE) – COMELEC is like a referee in Philippine elections, making sure everything runs smoothly and fairly. COMELEC's Role 1. Manages voter registration. 2. Oversees elections. 3. Counts votes. 4. Declares winners. 5. Ensures fair elections. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS – A social movement is a loosely organized but sustained campaign in support of a social goal, typically aiming to implement or prevent a change in society's structure or values. It's essentially a collective effort by a large group of people to achieve a particular goal, which can be social, political, or cultural in nature. CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS (ROLE, FUNCTION, DIFFERENCES) ROLE – Help people, promote democracy, and advocate for rights. FUNCTION – Research, community service, advocacy, training. DIFFERENCE Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) – Independent, non-profit* – Focus: Development, human rights, environment – Scope: Local, national, international – Examples: Red Cross, Oxfam, World Wildlife Fund Community-Based Organizations (CBOs)  – Grassroots groups – Focus: Local issues, community development – Scope: Local – Examples: Local food banks, community health clinics Faith-Based Organizations (FBOs) – Religious affiliation – Focus: Social services, advocacy – Scope: Local, national – Examples: Catholic Relief Services, Islamic Relief EDSA 1 & 2 EDSA 1 (1986) – Date: February 22-25, 1986 – Location: EDSA, Metro Manila, Philippines – Cause: Protests against President Ferdinand Marcos' regime, electoral fraud, and human rights abuses EDSA 2 (2001) – Date: January 17-20, 2001 – Location: EDSA, Metro Manila, Philippines – Cause: Protests against President Joseph Estrada's corruption and impeachment trial NON-GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL(NGO) – NGOs are independent, non-profit organizations that operate separately from governments. FOCUS – Human Rights, Health, Education, Environment CITIZENSHIP – Being a member of a country, with rights and responsibilities. CITIZENSHIP BY BIRTH – Jus Soli or loci: is determined by place of birth – Jus Sanguinis: is determined by blood relations DUAL: – Dual Citizenship: Holding citizenship of two countries. – Dual Allegiance: Loyal to two countries, prohibited in the Philippines. NATURALIZATION – Process of becoming a citizen of a country where you weren't born. NATIONAL YOUTH COMMISSION(NYC) – A government agency in the Philippines that specifically addresses issues surrounding the Filipino youth to encourage wide and active participation of the youth in all governmental and non-governmental programs, projects and activities affecting them, to harness and develop the full potential of the youth as partners in nation building (R. A. 8044) SANGGUNIANG KABATAAN(SK) – Seeks to implement various reforms in the barangay youth arm. – It carries provisions on age expansion (age 15 to 24), anti-political dynasty, financial independence, strengthening of the Local Youth Development Councils (LYDC), and mandatory trainings for elected SK officials, and SK officials also take lead on the observance of the "Linggo ng Kabataan." (RA 10742) YOUTH – “The State (Philippine Government) recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation- building and promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism and encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs.” (Sec 13, Act ll, Philippine 1987) – Sangguniang Kabataan, the successor of Kabataang Barangay, was created through the Local Government Code of 1991 (R.A. 7160) that provides opportunity for young people (from age 15 to 21) to directly participate in local governance.