PPD 240 Midterm Study Guide PDF

Materials covered from week 1 to 8 Close books and notes No phone or electronics Bring a pen 2 hours 100 points total: 30 is multiple choice, 40 is short answer, 30 is long essay 30 multiple choice questions - On page 7 there is a bubble in for these multiple choice questions 11 Short answer questio...

Materials covered from week 1 to 8 Close books and notes No phone or electronics Bring a pen 2 hours 100 points total: 30 is multiple choice, 40 is short answer, 30 is long essay 30 multiple choice questions - On page 7 there is a bubble in for these multiple choice questions 11 Short answer questions have varied values - “Naming two out of a list of things” - Define a concept for a company - Some of these are 1 paragraph in length, they have higher value 1 Long essay question - in no more than 5 paragraph, no less than 3 paragraphs - You have 9 blank pages, can be used for scratch if it does not fill all the pages Why should one normative theory be more important than a different normative theory? - Normative: Argue how things should be based on various principles - All of our theories are normative theories (Liberalism, republicanism…) How would Madison describe the difference between pure democracy and republic? What are Bellamy’s three think component of citizenship - Belamy is a reading we had Putnam appears again and the concept of social capital What are the implications of social capital when it is in decline New public management/Reinventing government [citizens as customer theory] - Osbourne and Gabler Strengths and weaknesses of direct democracy How does a public bureaucracy relate to co-equal branches of government? BIG ESSAY QUESTION: “Be able to argue amongst the three theories and where there should be emphasis. Also, of the additional theories that we discussed, how would that strengthen our understanding of participation and engagement in modern society” Greek citizenship vs Roman citizenship Bellamy Ch. 2 Greek Model: ○ Political citizenship: citizenship meant being politically involved ○ Homogenous population ○ Direct political participation to fulfill the meaning of human life Political power was viewed as privileged bestowed to select groups E.g. assembly, jury service ○ Citizens make and modify rules everyday (population was smaller) ○ Public interest and private interests conflict ○ Low professional public administration ○ More difficult to become a citizen Roman Model: ○ Legal citizenship: equality before the law ○ Heterogeneous population ○ No direct political participation (republicanism ?) Voting right provide little influence → Senate had power ○ There is a universal law, and citizens seek legal protection ○ People are interested in promoting public interests to preserve or to increase their private interests ○ High professional public administration ○ Less inclined to provide selfless devotion to public duty Created checks and balances (veto decisions and office limit) Compared to the Athens, it was easier to become a Roman citizen Generational Difference Dalton Older generations/Boomers place higher emphasis on duty-based citizenship Younger generations places higher emphasis on engaged-citizenship ○ Relatively equal emphasis on both, it is the contrast that makes it seem higher Low participation by young compared to older generation in elections Two Forms of Citizenship ○ Duty-based: view political participation as both a duty and a privileged earned by every day social items (obeying the law, paying taxes) ○ Engaged: non-electoral participation, where emotional and normative factors contribute to the involvement in civil society and solidarity group Core Principle of US Constitution U.S. Constitution Four Principles of the Constitution 1. Popular Sovereignty: government power resides in the people 2. Limitations on government power: consent of the governed (need the approval of the people) 3. Separation of Powers: checks and balances (prevents one branch from becoming too powerful) 4. Federalism: Division of power among national and state governments Madisonian Vision of US Democracy Separation of Power Checks and Balances Federalist 10; US Constitution Factions: “a party or group (as within a government) that is often contentious or self-seeking” ○ Can lead to tyranny of the majority Eliminate factions/Interest Groups by: ○ 1. Destroy individual liberty ○ 2. Every citizen has the same opinions, the same passions, and the same interest ○ OR Possible Solution: Republican form of government Large population: difficult for single corrupt candidate to woo large number of voters Local and statewide biases do not spread to other parts Representatives from different parts have less time to conspire together because they have to work with their own district to get re-elected Can “refine and enlarge the public views” Larger than direct democracy → making it difficult for majority faction to dominate (prevent tyranny of majority) Madison Pluralism: Madison feared factionalism would lead to in-fighting in American republic ⇒ establish pluralism to help ○ “Ambition must be made to counteract ambition” — Federalist Papers 51 Pluralism Pluralism: political theory that organized groups provide a link between the citizens and government; we are all represented by groups ○ Groups at the heart of healthy democratic politics ○ Citizens do not need skill/knowledge to influence government decisions -> support specialize groups in specific policy issues ○ Group membership is important ○ Mention: Federalist Paper # 10 ○ Politics is mainly a competition among diverse groups. Can prevent one group from dominating No group wins or loses all the time Many centers of power exist Factions in modern society Interest group: private groups that attempt to influence government to respond to shared attitude and ideas of their members ○ Protected by First Amendment (freedom of speech and assembly) ○ E.g. business groups, unions. Professional associations, citizen action groups, advocacy club Federalist Papers 51 (Separation of Power) Objective: to persuade the anti-Federalists and others who oppose establishing a new constitution because they fear that liberty will be lost Main argument: we can have a strong centralized government and preserve individual liberty if we control the power of government properly through the separation of powers and checks and balances Each government should be independent of the other by: 1. Members of each branch have as little as possible to do with the selection of the members of the other branches 2. Overlapping authority: no one branch decides important policy decisions alone required cooperation Montesquieu “No one person or group should exercise all three types of power. Otherwise, it would be a threat to individual liberty. Thus, it is essential that powers are divided.” Bureaucracy Often referred to as the “4th branch of government” Necessary for equal application of the law and to run the government “Necessary-and-proper” clause ○ The Congress shall have power “[t]o make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers … in any Department or Officer thereof.” To establish Post Offices and post Roads (Art. I, Section 8, Clause 7) Implies oversight and coordination responsibilities—through appointment powers, unitarily filling vacancies, executive orders. Congress established new branches to the bureaucracy as we have the need ○ Department of Education was created because of a need for standardization Supreme Court Cases List Miranda v. Arizona (1966) After hours of police interrogation, Miranda confessed to rape and kidnapping At trial, he sought to suppress his confession, stating he was not advised at his rights to counsel and to remain silent The interrogation violated the Fifth Amendment’s protection against self-incrimination Korematsu v. United States (1944) Korematsu was a Japanese-American citizen who did not comply with the order to leave for detention camps SCOTUS ruled that the detention was constitutional due his failure to report to the relocation center Case reopened in 1984 and formally repudiated the Korematsu decision in 2018 Violated his Fifth Amendment right to prevent self-incrimination by not reporting himself to the relocation center 2 Major Theories of Representation Delegates Delegate: In the delegate model, representatives act primarily as messengers or agents of their constituents, making decisions based on the wishes and preferences of the people who elected them. Delegates see their role as directly reflecting the views of their electorate, often putting aside their own judgment or opinions in favor of what their constituents want. This model emphasizes direct democracy principles, where the will of the electorate is paramount. Example: you voting and house of representative vote for you in Congress Trustrees Trustee: The trustee model suggests that representatives are elected for their judgment and expertise and should make decisions based on what they independently determine to be the best interests of their constituents and the broader public. Trustees believe they should consider the views of their constituents but are not bound by them if they believe different actions would serve their constituents' interests Example: putting trust in an official because you believe they have greater expertise 3 Major Theories of Citizenship Liberalism Individual Citizens act rationally to advanced their own interests The role of the state is to protect citizens in the exercise of their rights Citizenship is a relatively formal legal status Exercising rights is seen as the choice of citizens ○ Voting is seen as morally correct, but is not obligated Criticism: ○ Overly individualistic conception of self ○ Citizens may fundamentally disagree about what is good → deny existence of common good ○ Individuals are not born with capacity to choose: must be developed Republicanism A citizen identifies with the political community to which they belong → civic duty Discovering common good through deliberation → reach consensus to shape future Most effective in a small homogenous society with common traditions/ identity/culture Education is central to citizenship → develop idea of common good Citizen Participation Definition: Ordinary people having influence on decision-making process Participatory Democracy: “a form of government in which citizens participate individually and directly in political decisions and policies that affect their lives, rather through elected representatives” ○ Pros: improve public policies, transparency and accountability, social cohesion ○ Criticism: Time consuming, expensive, minority groups may be ignored Guardianship democracy ○ Aconcept where political decisions and policy formulations are entrusted to a group of informed and wise individuals or institutions, acting as 'guardians' for the public good. ○ Emphasizes the role of expertise and moral judgment in governance, rather than direct participation or electoral competition. Communitarianism Identity is shared through people and relations in our own communities Citizens have moral/political obligations to defend our communities Citizenship is shaped through a concern for the common good Community norms/values hold more importance than laws ○ Social norms determine what policy is effective Criticism: ○ Use their moral voice to oppress people (school segregation, marriage, redlining) ○ Authoritarian by nature, and force people to conform ○ Exclude those who do not belong to them (social bonding) Civic Engagement Process of helping people be active participants in building and strengthening their community ○ Example: voting, jury duty, volunteering, etc. Social Capital (Reading: Putman) Connections among individuals–social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them formed by repeated interactions over time (Putnam) 3 main components ○ Trust ○ Social norms and obligations ○ Social networks and associations Putnam argues: ○ Decline in social capital and civic engagement in the US due to suburbanization, generational changes, technology, rise of individualism, general disinterest ○ General trust is declining (less of an impact on communitarianism) ○ Neighborhood effect (neighborhoods influence well-being of residents collectivity and individually) on the decline Social bridging → good, inclusive of people who are different Social bonding → bad, exclusive Subsequent Theories Citizenship as Customers Osborne (Reading) Promoting giving customer (citizens) power to choose service prodive to increase responsiveness and quality ○ E.g. empowering parents with choice to improve educational outcomes Prioritizes citizen experience in navigating government services as opposed to just delivering services as checking the box Steps: 1. Identifying all the customers of an organization 2. Asking customers what they need and expect 3. Providing competitive choices 4. Setting organizational standards of good customer service 5. Planning and measuring performance and customer satisfaction Criticism: Replacing democratic values with customer service values Customers may be determined as people with money and power Deteriorating quality of public service in long-run Cosmopolitan Citizenship The theory of citizenship that sees all people as “citizens of the world” ○ We have a united humanity and collective responsibility toward the world We must help out humanity in the form of providing aid, solve inequality, and free the oppressed A form of legal citizenship [emphasis on rights over participation] More of an ideal that we all have rather than reality-based Civil Citizenship establish rights necessary for individual freedom; rights to property, personal liberty, and justice ○ Can be linked to liberalism Political Citizenship exercise of political power, whether by holding office or voting ○ Can be used for all theories: political participation is emphasized by all three Social Citizenship Originally created from what T.H. Marshall said All citizens in a society are ensured rights from the government in the form of education, healthcare, and social welfare We are all entitled to economic and social security provided from the government Weak in America since we have rugged individualism, all welfare is means-tested (you must qualify, you are not guaranteed it), and emphasis on labor Fraser and Gordon Social Citizenship and Republicanism: connected through the emphasis of civic duty and engagement; encourage the participation of citizen in politics for better community Social Citizenship and Communitarianism: Argue shift from liberal traditions to communitarians traditions of citizenship to foster solidarity and shared responsibility Impact of Tech on Theories of Citizenship Technology makes receiving services from the government more convenient, puts all services in one place, easier to access information, and brings certainty Citizens have less in-person interactions as they can renew services digitally instead ○ Ex. License plate or renewing a driver’s license ○ Technology/social media promotes engaged citizenship rather than duty-based citizenship. People are more engaged with political information and news but do not interact with the government as much. Citizens plays an increased role in collection and spreading of news Challenges: Equity issues with who has technology, data privacy concerns, and labor to maintain citizens a channel to community (someone has to respond to messages) Duty-Based Citizenship view political participation as both a duty and a privileged earned by every day social items Pay Taxes, obey the laws, vote in elections, serve in military ○ Can be linked to republicanism and communitarianism Engaged Citizenship non-electoral participation, where emotional and normative factors contribute to the involvement in civil society and solidarity group Being active in civil society groups, participate in social activism, keep watch on government, understand each other, make the world and the American society better ○ Can be linked to liberalism (people’s individuals choice on how to politically participate) TH Marshall Types Fraser and Gordon Citizenship. Civil citizenship Freedom from subjection Established the rights necessary for individual freedom Rights to property and personal liberty 2. Political citizenship The right to participate in the exercise of political power Voting rights and holding public offices 3. Social citizenship Right to a modicum of economic security Rights to a share in full social heritage and to live the life of a civilized being according to the standards prevailing in the society. Different Levels of Government Impact and Relation to Citizenship Participation Federal Authority over matters such as national defense, foreign affairs, currency, and interstate commerce Citizens tend to have more access to information and political participation on the local and state level due to community ties and visible impacts made via their participation. While on the federal level, citizens might not be able to participate as much as they do on the local level simply and because on the federal level, simply because issues on the level are more complex and distant to average citizens. Thus, federal issues are usually left to the political “elites” to decide on. State Govern specific geographical region within the country Have power to make laws specific to state without federal consent Can engage with state level government through political campaigns or communicate with state representative through phone call Government structure and priorities are geared towards citizen’s needs within the specific state Local Governing specific localities, such as cities, towns, counties, etc. Responsible for providing essential services and facilities to residents within their jurisdiction (education, public safety, transportation, and sanitation) ○ Interactions with citizens are more intimate ○ Provide citizen and outlet for government voice and change Example: city council, county board, municipal government Enlightenment Theorist John Locke Having a strong leviathan is more dangerous to individual freedom. Support limited government powers; just enough to control social order but not never too powerful to oppress individual freedom. Locke believed in a state of nature where individuals were free and equal, possessing natural rights to “life, liberty, and property”. Human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance, but in the state of nature, there was no established authority to protect these natural rights, leading to conflicts. Judicial activism and judicial restraints Judicial activism ○ Judges shape public policies through their rulings ○ Constitution guidelines are vague and do not provide specific direction, so it needs to be interpreted ○ Loose constructionists – see the Constitution as a living document. It is meant to meet the changes of a society over time to make it effective ○ Tends to be liberal??? ○ Warren Court (1954-1969) and Burger Court (1969-1986) Judicial restraint ○ Believes that the court should stay out of policymaking and legislating ○ Defer to the legislative and executive branches rather than asserting their own view ○ Strict constructionists --- see, read, and interpret the Constitution as it was written in 1787 ○ Tends to be conservative??? ○ Rehnquist Court (1986-2005) and Roberts Court (2005-Present) Power of the three branches Power of the legislative branch (Congress) 1. Raise and collect federal taxes 2. Borrow money 3. Regulate commerce 4. Set rules for naturalization and bankruptcy 5. Coin money 6. Provide punishment for counterfeiting 7. Establish post offices and postal roads 8. Promote copyright laws 9. Establish a court system 10. Punish crimes at sea 17. Run Washington D.C and other federal properties 18. Elastic clause --- to make all laws necessary and proper War powers ○ 11. To declare war ○ 12. Raise and support armies ○ 13. To provide and maintain a navy ○ 14. To make laws governing land and naval forces ○ 15. To provide for summoning the militia to executive federal laws, suppress uprisings, and repel invasions ○ 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia and governing it when in the service of the Union Powers of the executive branch (President) ○ Commander-in-Chief ○ Grant pardons ○ Make treaties ○ Appoint federal offices ○ Ensure laws are executed Power of the judicial branch (Supreme Court) ○ Decides cases of Constitutional law and federal law ○ Cases involving ambassadors go straight to Supreme Court ○ Judicial Review (1803 — Marbury vs. Madison)