Week 7 Prep: Limbic System, Memory, Cognition, Attention, Judgment, Safety Awareness, and Decision Making PDF

Week 7 Prep: Limbic System, Memory, Cognition, Attention, Judgment, Safety Awareness, and Decision Making OT 5170: HUMAN CAPACITIES II: APPLIED NEUROSCIENCE MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY PROGRAM, APPALACHIAN STATE UNIVERSITY  START WITH AN OCCUPATION IN MIND Please watch this video a...

Week 7 Prep: Limbic System, Memory, Cognition, Attention, Judgment, Safety Awareness, and Decision Making OT 5170: HUMAN CAPACITIES II: APPLIED NEUROSCIENCE MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY PROGRAM, APPALACHIAN STATE UNIVERSITY  START WITH AN OCCUPATION IN MIND Please watch this video about construction workers. I encourage you to revisit it multiple times, each time focusing on socio-cultural factors influencing the trades, including woodworkers, and their simultaneous impact on society and your life. "Ditch Diggers" by poet Eric Borden Our discussion will be wide ranging as we consider the lived experiences of different woodworkers, the high-level skills required of their craft, and the neural capacities that bring their talents to life. Video Credits: YouTube. Cerebral Cortex Structures & Blood Supply Good news: Some of the neuro-anatomy in this week’s OT 5170: HUMAN CAPACITIES II: APPLIED NEUROSCIENCE lesson could feel like a review. Take the opportunity MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY PROGRAM, APPALACHIAN STATE UNIVERSITY to apply things you already know about areas of the brain to the new subskills we’re talking about in the context of woodworking. CEREBRAL CORTEX Cerebral cortex: Outermost layer of the brain associated with our highest mental capabilities Many folds and wrinkles- bulges (gyri) and deep furrows (sulci)-allow for a wider surface area. Thus, more neurons and tremendous capacity for information processing. Two hemispheres, the right and left, are separated by a large sulcus called the medial longitudinal fissure Right and left hemispheres are connected via bundles of 4 nerve fibers called the corpus callosum https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-is-the-  CEREBRAL CORTEX There are several ways of looking at the organization of the cortex. Naming lobes and their function Categorizing three Check it out—you know A LOT about main areas: sensory and motor sensory, motor, areas already! and association This week, we’re areas shifting our attention to the association areas. Further teasing 5 apart functional areas by their https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-is-the-  THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE CORTEX The cerebral cortex can be characterized by three main functions dispersed in their own areas: sensory, motor, and association areas. Quick re-cap Sensory areas sensory L&R visual cortices areas (occipital lobe, receives info from the opposite visual field) Somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe, receives tactile info) Auditory cortex Gustatory cortex 6 https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-is-the-  THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE CORTEX The cerebral cortex can be characterized by three main functions dispersed in their own areas: sensory, motor, and association areas. Motor areas Primary motor cortex (parietal lobes, associated with the coordination and initiation of movements. Each hemisphere contains a Quick re-cap motor areas motor-related representation of the opposite side of the body, organized by a map called motor homunculus) Premotor cortex (involved in preparing and executing limb movements, using information from other regions of the cortex to select appropriate movements, also necessary for learning, especially through imitation, and social cognition, specifically empathy.) Supplementary motor cortex 7 responsible for the planning of complex movements and contributes to the control of movement. https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-is-the-  THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE CORTEX The cerebral cortex can be characterized by three main functions dispersed in their own areas: sensory, motor, and association areas. Association areas are spread throughout the cerebral cortex in the four lobes. These areas act by integrating information from these brain regions, often adding more complexity to their functions and forming connections to sensory and motor areas to give meaning to information in these The areas. association areas make sense of it Association in frontal lobes responsible for all! planning, thinking, feeling, personality, and emotional control in parietal lobes spatial skills such as spatial awareness and reasoning, as well as paying attention to How would the visual stimuli crafter or carpenter be “thinking in temporal lobes help to process procedural and visually”? episodic memories. These areas also communicate with other lobes of the cortex for memory-related processes. in occipital lobes facilitate memories associated https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-is-the- FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX Further teasing apart functional areas by their specific mental processes The tan areas in the middle (subcortical) make up the limbic system, and we’ll get to that shortly 9  GREY AND WHITE MATTER IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX ◼ While most of the cortex is grey matter, the cortex’s superhighways are made up of white matter. Grey and white matter b y Khan Academy 10 HOW DOES INFORMATION TRAVEL IN, OUT, and AROUND THE CEREBRAL CORTEX? ◼ The cortex’s superhighways are made up of white matter. All white matter consists of myelinated axons. ◼ Subcortical white matter fibers are classified into three categories ◼ Projection ◼ Commissural ◼ Association 11 COPYRIGHT © 2018 BY ELSEVIER, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  PROJECTION FIBERS: INTERNAL CAPSULE ◼ Convey signals from subcortical structures to the cerebral cortex and from cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, brainstem, basal ganglia, and thalamus ◼ Thalamocortical projections relay somatosensory, visual, auditory, and motor information to the cerebral cortex. ◼ Occlusion or hemorrhage of arteries supplying the internal capsule is common. 12 ◼ Even a small lesion may have severe COPYRIGHT © 2018 BY ELSEVIER, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. consequences.  COMMISSURAL FIBERS ◼ Connect homologous (similar functioning) areas of the cerebral hemispheres ◼ Corpus callosum is the largest group of commissural fibers, linking many areas of the right and left hemispheres. 13 COPYRIGHT © 2018 BY ELSEVIER, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  ASSOCIATION FIBERS Kim, M.-S., Tak, H. J., & Son, S. M. (2014). Recovery of cerebellar peduncle injury in a patient with a cerebellar tumor: validation by diffusion tensor tractography. Neural Regeneration Research, 9(21), 1929– 1932. http://doi.org/10.4103/1673- 5374.145364 ◼ Connect cortical regions within one hemisphere. 14 ◼ Short association fibers connect adjacent gyri, whereas the long association fibers connect lobes within one hemisphere.  VERTICAL TRACTS IN THE BRAINSTEM ◼ Sensory, autonomic, and motor vertical tracts travel through the brainstem. ◼ Some tracts continue through the brainstem without alteration. ◼ Others tract have processing centers in the brainstem ◼ Brainstem acts as a conduit. ◼ Data transport center of the nervous system 15 COPYRIGHT © 2018 BY ELSEVIER, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. BLOOD SUPPLY There are two TO paired arteries THE which BRAIN are responsible for the blood supply to the brain; the vertebral arteries, and the internal carotid arteries. These arteries arise in the neck, and ascend to the cranium. Once they reach the cranium, the terminal branches of these arteries form an anastomotic circle, called the Circle of Willis, which allows blood flow to continue if a vessel is blocked on one side of the brain. From this circle, branches arise which supply the majority of the cerebrum. (Arteriogram of the arterial blood supply) 16 Two Minute Neuroscience: By Frank Gaillard andBlood Wikimedia Commons flo [CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Patrick J. Lynch w https://teachmeanatomy.info/neuroanatomy/vessels/arterial-suppl  REGIONAL BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE CORTEX Three cerebral arteries (anterior, middle and posterior), each supplies a different portion of the cerebrum. Anterior cerebral arteries supply the anteromedial portion of the cerebrum. Middle cerebral arteries are situated laterally, supplying the majority of the lateral part of the brain. Posterior cerebral arteries supply both the medial and lateral 17 parts of the posterior cerebrum. By Frank Gaillard and Patrick J. Lynch [CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons https://teachmeanatomy.info/neuroanatomy/vessels/arterial-suppl CLINICAL SYMPTOMS MAPPED ON THE CORTEX 18  Limbic System Good news: Some of the neuro-anatomy in this week’s OT 5170: HUMAN CAPACITIES II: APPLIED NEUROSCIENCE lesson could feel like a review. Take the opportunity MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY PROGRAM, APPALACHIAN STATE UNIVERSITY to apply things you already know about areas of the brain to the new subskills we’re talking about in the context of woodworking. LIMBIC SYSTEM Located within the cerebrum of the brain, immediately below the temporal lobes, and buried under the cerebral cortex The limbic system is where the subcortical structures meet the cerebral cortex. There are differing opinions/interpretations about what areas of the brain are officially part of the limbic system vs neighboring structures connecting the cortex with the limbic system. Let’s think generally of this system 20 comprised of many subcortical parts, keeping in mind that the whole brain works together...so, we’re talkin’ the middle area. 2-min Neur oscience-Li mbic Syste m LIMBIC SYSTEM Located within the cerebrum of the brain, immediately below the temporal lobes, and buried under the cerebral cortex The limbic system is a collection of structures commonly associated with emotion and memory including the hippocampus, the amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus. Psychologists now recognize that the limbic system serves a lot more functions than previously thought including: processing and regulating emotions 21 formation and storage of memories sexual arousal learning The limbic system is also thought to be an important element in the body’s response to stress, as it’s highly connected to the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems.  DIENCEPHALO ◼ Centrally located within the brain sitting at the top of the brain stem above the midbrain and under the cerebral cortex N ◼ Includes all structures with the term thalamus in their names: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus ◼ Involved in ◼ coordinating with the endocrine system to release hormones ◼ relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex ◼ regulating circadian rhythms (the sleep wake cycle) ◼ regulating body temperature, appetite, and more COPYRIGHT © 2018 BY ELSEVIER, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 22  THALAMUS ◼ Looks like two paired "bulbs" consisting of mostly grey matter that sit on each side of the third ventricle of the brain, connected by interthalamic adhesion. ◼ Thalamus receives information from the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and all sensory systems (except olfactory). ◼ Individual thalamic nuclei are classified into three main functional groups ◼ Relay nuclei convey information from the sensory systems (except olfactory), the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex. ◼ Association nuclei process emotional and some memory information or integrate different types of sensation. ◼ Nonspecific nuclei regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention. COPYRIGHT © 2018 BY ELSEVIER, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  ❖ Hypothalamus aids in controlling the hormones in our bodies by HYPOTHALAMUS regulating secretions of the pituitary gland. ❖ Functions orchestrated by the hypothalamus include: maintaining homeostasis Body temperature Appetite Metabolism Emotions, behavior, memory Circadian rhythms Growth The regulation of fluid and electrolyte levels in the body, which in turn maintains functions such as blood pressure Sex drive Oxytocin plays an important role in childbirth and breastfeeding COPYRIGHT © 2018 BY ELSEVIER, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 24 EPITHALAMUS ◼ Epithalamus makes up the posterior portion of the diencephalon ◼ Major structure of the epithalamus is the pineal gland. ◼ Pineal gland secretes melatonin. Melatonin is responsible for the sleep- wake cycle (circadian rhythm) ◼ Also influence the secretions of the pituitary gland, adrenal and parathyroid glands, and the islets of Langerhans. COPYRIGHT © 2018 BY ELSEVIER, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 25 SUBTHALAMUS ◼ Located in the diencephalon, superior to the substantia nigra of the midbrain ◼ Part of the basal ganglia circuit, which is involved in regulating movement 26 ◼ Facilitates basal ganglia output nuclei photo reference link  Recap 2-Minute Neur BASAL GANGLIA oscience: Bas al Ganglia ◼ The basal ganglia are a group of structures found deep within the cerebral hemispheres, highly connected to the cortex and thalamus. ◼ Mainly regulate voluntary movement, including eye movements, which help balance, posture, and goal-directed movement ◼ This little group of structures sequence movements, regulate muscle tone and muscle 27 force, select and inhibit specific motor synergies, and are involved with cognitive functions ◼ Sustained attention How do you see these ◼ Ability to change behavior as task requirements subskills at play for the change woodworker? COPYRIGHT © 2018 BY ELSEVIER, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ◼ Motivation Behavior, Cognition, Attention, Emotion Good news: Some of the neuro-anatomy in this week’s OT 5170: HUMAN CAPACITIES II: APPLIED NEUROSCIENCE lesson could feel like a review. Take the opportunity MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY PROGRAM, APPALACHIAN STATE UNIVERSITY to apply things you already know about areas of the brain to the new subskills we’re talking about in the context of woodworking. FRONTAL CORTEX (ASSOCIATION AREAS) ◼ Association cortex: Cerebral cortex areas not directly involved with sensation or movement ◼ Prefrontal cortex divided into three areas named for their anatomic location ◼ Lateral prefrontal cortex ◼ Medial prefrontal and anterior temporal cortex ◼ Ventral prefrontal and anterior temporal cortex LATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND THE GOAL-DIRECTED BEHAVIOR LOOP ◼ Function of lateral prefrontal cortex is goal-directed behavior. ◼ Goal-directed behavior includes processes of working memory, judgment, planning, abstract reasoning, dividing attention, and sequencing activity. ◼ Divergent thinking is a lateral prefrontal cortex function. COPYRIGHT © 2018 BY ELSEVIER, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 30 DECLARATIVE MEMORY Cognition, Intelligenc PROCESSING. e, Khan Academy ◼ Medial temporal lobe (MTL) -hub of declarative memory processing. ◼ processes integrated perceptual information from the temporoparietal association cortex (TPAC). ◼ includes the hippocampus, part of the fornix, and the parahippocampal gyrus ◼ Lateral prefrontal cortex- organizes and categorizes information for the MTL.  Emotion: Is a short-term subjective experience. Mood: Is a sustained, subjective, ongoing emotional experience. EMOTIONS AND BEHAVIOR Emotional Lability- the abnormal, uncontrolled expression of emotions. Abrupt mood shifts, usually to anger, depression or anxiety Involuntary, inappropriate emotional expression in the absence of subjective emotion (pathologic laughter or crying) Emotion, triggered by nonspecific stimuli unrelated to the COPYRIGHT emotional © 2013 expression BY SAUNDERS, AN IMPRINT OF ELSEVIER INC. MEDIAL PREFRONTAL ASSOCIATION CORTEX ◼ Involved in emotions, self-awareness, and motivation ◼ Medial Pre-frontal Cortex Lesions ◼ Cause apathy and lack of emotions and insight ◼ People report not feeling any emotions ◼ Abnormal processing in medial prefrontal cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuit impairs understanding of other’s emotions, beliefs, and intentions. Copyright © 2013 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. COPYRIGHT © 2013 BY SAUNDERS, AN IMPRINT OF ELSEVIER INC.  VENTRAL & MEDIAL DORSAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX ◼ Is involved in impulse control, personality, and reactions to surroundings. ◼ Ventralmedial prefrontal association cortex ◼ includes the ventrolateral prefrontal, orbital, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. ◼ Making good decisions depends on a balance between an emotional, impulsive, immediate system centered in the amygdala and lateral prefrontal rational cortex. ◼ Ventral prefrontal association area connects with areas that regulate mood (subjective feelings) and affect (observable demeanor). ◼ Damage to these areas interferes with the emotional response to inferred emotional events. ◼ People with these lesions have intact intellectual abilities but use poor judgment, are impulsive, and have difficulty conforming to social conventions. ◼ Also involved in evaluation of risk and fear responses COPYRIGHT © 2013 BY SAUNDERS, AN IMPRINT OF ELSEVIER INC. IMPAIRED ATTENTION ◼ Attention limited by amount available: ◼ Orienting: ability to locate specific sensory information from among many stimuli ◼ Divided attention: ability to attend to two or more things simultaneously ◼ Selective attention: ability to attend to important information and ignore distractions ◼ Sustained attention: ability to continue an activity over time Copyright © 2013 by Saunders, COPYRIGHT © 2013 BY SAUNDERS, AN IMPRINT OF ELSEVIER INC. an imprint of Elsevier Inc.  More About Memory Complex set of skills comprising sub processes – Attention – Encoding (assign meaningfulness to verbal and nonverbal sensory information for later recall) – Storage (transfer to long-term for permanent store i.e. retention) – Retrieval (search for or activation of existing traces). Retrieval problems are known to be related to faulty organization of information at the time of encoding Simple memory challenges require alertness Higher levels involves working memory, sustained concentration, divided attention Attention often considered prerequisite Types of Memory ◼ Short term and long-term memory ◼ Working memory ◼ Immediate recall Tips for answerin ◼ Emotional memory g questions ◼ Situational memory ◼ Motor memory ◼ Procedural memoryto talk more about memory In class and lab, we’re going and how Occupational Therapists screen for issues of memory and thinking.