UST General Santos Anatomy and Physiology PDF

PRAYER BEFORE CLASS Holy Spirit, Divine Creator, true source of light and fountain of wisdom! Pour forth your brilliance upon my dense intellect, dissipate the darkness which covers me, that of sin and of ignorance. Grant me a penetrating mind to understand, a retentive memory, method and ease of le...

PRAYER BEFORE CLASS Holy Spirit, Divine Creator, true source of light and fountain of wisdom! Pour forth your brilliance upon my dense intellect, dissipate the darkness which covers me, that of sin and of ignorance. Grant me a penetrating mind to understand, a retentive memory, method and ease of learning, the lucidity to comprehend, and abundant grace in expressing myself. Guide the beginning of my work, direct its progress and bring it to successful completion. This I ask through Jesus Christ, true God, and true man, living and reigning with You and the Father, forever and ever. Amen. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY Exercise 8: Muscular System Anatomy Learning Outcome At the end of the activity, the student must be able to Identify the different muscles in the human body Describe the origin, insertion, and action of the major muscles State the action of each muscle OUTLINE Introduction to the Muscular System 1. Review of Anatomical Terms 2. Types of Muscles in the Body Review of Anatomical Terms Location in the body or in relation to other structures ○ Superior, Inferior (Supra-, Infra-) ○ Lateral, Medial ○ Distal, Proximal ○ Anterior, Posterior ○ Superficial, Deep ○ External, Internal Muscle Terminology Origin: fixed end ○ most stationary, proximal end of the muscle ○ muscles with multiple origins, each origin = head Insertion: mobile end ○ most distal end ○ between origin and insertion = belly Action: specific body movement from contraction of a muscle ○ Flexion, extension ○ Adduction, abduction Muscle Terminology Each action of a single muscle or group of muscles (agonist) is opposed by that of another muscle or group of muscles (antagonist) Action: elbow flexion Agonist: biceps brachii (flexes) Antagonist: triceps brachii (extends) Action: elbow extension Agonist: triceps brachii (extends) Antagonist: biceps brachii (flexes) Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles: SHAPE 5 Classes of Muscle Shape: 1. Circular 2. Convergent 3. Parallel 4. Pennate 5. Fusiform Muscle shape determines the type of movement it has Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles: SHAPE Circular Fascicles arranged in a circle around an opening Act as a sphincter to close the opening Examples: ___________ oris ___________ oculi Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles: SHAPE Convergent Broadly distributed fascicles join together at a single tendon → Triangular shape Examples: __________ major __________ minor Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles: SHAPE Parallel Fascicles organized parallel to the long axis of the muscle Terminate on a flat tendon that spans the width of the entire muscle Examples: ______ abdominis R___b__d___  Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles: SHAPE Pennate Fascicles that emerge like the barbs on a feather from a common tendon that runs the length of the entire muscle ○ Unipennate: fascicles on one side of tendon ○ Bipennate: fascicles on two sides of tendon ○ Multipennate: fascicles arranged at many places around central tendon  Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles: SHAPE Fusiform Fascicles that run the length of the entire muscle and taper at each end to terminate at the tendons Example: ______ ____ii _______ ____ii Muscle Nomenclature 1. Location 2. Size 3. Shape 4. Orientation of fascicles 5. Origin and insertion 6. Number of heads 7. Function Muscle Nomenclature 1. Location Pectoralis = chest Gluteus = buttock Brachial = arm 2. Size Gluteus maximus = largest muscle of buttock Longus = long Brevis = short Note: if there is a brevis muscle, most likely there is a longus muscle in the area Muscle Nomenclature 3. Shape Deltoid = triangular Quadratus = quadrate, rectangular Teres = round 4. Orientation of fascicles Rectus = straight, parallel Example: rectus abdominis Oblique = fascicles lie at an angle Muscle Nomenclature 5. Origin and insertion Sternocleidomastoid ○ O: sternum and clavicle ○ I: mastoid process of the temporal bone Brachioradialis ○ O: brachium (in the arm) ○ I: Radius Muscle Nomenclature 6. Number of heads Biceps = 2 heads (origins) Triceps = 3 heads (origins) 7. Function Abduction and adduction Adductor magnus, adductor longus MATERIALS Well-sharpened pencil Lab Manual PROCEDURE A. AXIAL MUSCLES - H&N 1. Please refer to Table 7.1 of your lab manual (page 126) 2. Identify the muscles of the head and neck 3. Demonstrate the respective actions using your own muscles 4. Turn to the activity page sheet and accomplish the following: a. Page 135: Label the muscles correctly  Head & Neck Muscles Muscles of Facial Expression Cutaneous muscles attached to skin Nonverbal communication Eyes: Mouth: 1. Orbicularis oris (“kissing”) 1. Occipitofrontalis 2. Buccinator (“kissing”) 2. Orbicularis oculi 3. Zygomaticus major and minor (“smiling”) 3. Levator palpebrae superioris 4. Levator anguli oris (“smiling”) 4. Corrugator supercilii 5. Risorius (“smiling”) 6. Levator labii superioris (“sneering”) Nose: 7. Depressor anguli oris (“frowning”) 1. Nasalis 8. Depressor labii inferioris (“frowning”) 9. Mentalis (“frowning”)  Head & Neck Muscles Muscles of Facial Expression Cutaneous muscles attached to skin Nonverbal communication Eyes: Mouth: 1. Orbicularis oris (“kissing”) 1. Occipitofrontalis 2. Buccinator (“kissing”) 2. Orbicularis oculi 3. Zygomaticus major and minor (“smiling”) 3. Levator palpebrae superioris 4. Levator anguli oris (“smiling”) 4. Corrugator supercilii 5. Risorius (“smiling”) 6. Levator labii superioris (“sneering”) Nose: 7. Depressor anguli oris (“frowning”) 1. Nasalis 8. Depressor labii inferioris (“frowning”) 9. Mentalis (“frowning”)  Frontal Belly of Occipitofrontalis Temporalis Procerus Orbicularis oculi Procerus Zygomaticus minor Levator labii superioris Zygomaticus major Masseter Buccinator Mentalis Depressor anguli oris Depressor labii inferioris  Frontal Belly of Occipitofrontalis Temporalis Procerus Orbicularis oculi Procerus Zygomaticus minor Levator labii superioris Zygomaticus major Masseter Buccinator Mentalis Depressor anguli oris Depressor labii inferioris Head & Neck Muscles Muscles of Mastication Chewing = mastication Forcefully closing the mouth and grinding food between the teeth of the mandible 1. Temporalis 2. Masseter 3. Pterygoids 4. Hyoid muscles Muscles Moving the Head and Neck  Splenius capitis Masseter Levator scapulae Anterior Scalenus muscles Medius Digastric Posterior Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius (sternal head) Sternocleidomastoid Brachial (clavicular head) Plexus PROCEDURE A. AXIAL MUSCLES - TRUNK 1. Please refer to Table 7.2 of your lab manual (page 128) 2. Identify the muscles of the trunk 3. Demonstrate the respective actions using your own muscles 4. Turn to the activity page sheet and accomplish the following: a. Page 137: Label the muscles correctly Trunk Muscles Muscles of the anterior abdominal wall Flex and rotate the vertebral column Criss-cross layering creates a strong anterior wall which holds in and protects the abdominal viscera Pectoralis major Serratus anterior Linea alba External abdominal oblique/ External oblique Umbilicus Rectus abdominis Superficial dissection Intermediate dissection PROCEDURE A. AXIAL MUSCLES - PELVIC 1. Please refer to Table 7.3 of your lab manual (page 130) 2. Identify the muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum 3. Use the muscle model to study their actions 4. Turn to the activity page sheet and accomplish the following: a. Page 139: Label the muscles correctly Pelvic Diaphragm and Perineum Pelvis is a ring of bone with an inferior opening that is closed by a muscular wall, through which the anus and the urogenital openings penetrate Pelvic floor: pelvic diaphragm ○ coccygeus muscle ○ levator ani muscle Perineum: diamond shaped; inferior to (beneath) the pelvic diaphragm ○ Urogenital triangle ○ Anal triangle Ischiocavernosus Superficial transverse perineal Levator ani Gluteus maximus PROCEDURE B. APPENDICULAR - UE 1. Please refer to Table 7.4A and 7.4B of your lab manual (page 131) 2. Identify the muscles of the upper extremities 3. Trace their origin and insertion, and use your own muscles to demonstrate 4. Turn to the activity page sheet and accomplish the following: a. Page 141: Label the muscles correctly Upper Limb Muscles Muscles that move the: 1. Scapula 2. Arm 3. Forearm 4. Hand SITS Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis  Deltoid Coracobrachialis Triceps brachii Latissimus dorsi lateral head Triceps brachii long Brachialis head Bicipital aponeurosis Biceps brachii Brachialis  Deltoid Coracobrachialis Triceps brachii Latissimus dorsi lateral head Triceps brachii long Brachialis head Bicipital aponeurosis Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis Flexor carpi radialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Palmaris longus Pronator teres Flexor carpi ulnaris Abductor pollicis longus Flexor pollicis longus Superficial flexor Pronator quadratus muscles Palmar aponeurosis Palmar carpal ligament  Deltoid Coracobrachialis Triceps brachii Latissimus dorsi lateral head Triceps brachii long Brachialis head Bicipital aponeurosis Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis Flexor carpi radialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Palmaris longus Pronator teres Flexor carpi ulnaris Abductor pollicis longus Flexor pollicis longus Superficial flexor Pronator quadratus muscles Palmar aponeurosis Palmar carpal ligament PROCEDURE B. APPENDICULAR - LE 1. Please refer to Table 7.4A and 7.4B of your lab manual (page 131) 2. Identify the muscles of the upper extremities 3. Trace their origin and insertion, and use your own muscles to demonstrate 4. Turn to the activity page sheet and accomplish the following: a. Page 141: Label the muscles correctly Lower Limb Muscles 1. Hip and Thigh movements 2. Leg movements 3. Ankle, foot, and toe movements  Sartorius Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis  Sartorius Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Gastrocnemius Tibialis anterior Soleus  Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Tensor fasciae latae Semitendinosus Gracilis Biceps femoris (long head) Semimembranosus Biceps femoris (short head) Sartorius Plantaris Gastrocnemius  Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Tensor fasciae latae Semitendinosus Gracilis Biceps femoris (long head) Semimembranosus Biceps femoris (short head) Sartorius Plantaris Calcaneal Gastrocnemius tendon Flexor Soleus digitorum Flexor hallucis longus longus medial malleolus Lateral Calcaneal malleolus Tuberosity  Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Tensor fasciae latae Semitendinosus Gracilis Biceps femoris (long head) Semimembranosus Biceps femoris (short head) Sartorius Plantaris Calcaneal Gastrocnemius tendon Flexor Soleus digitorum Flexor hallucis longus longus medial malleolus Lateral Calcaneal malleolus Tuberosity  Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Tensor fasciae latae Semitendinosus Gracilis Biceps femoris (long head) Semimembranosus Biceps femoris (short head) Sartorius Plantaris Calcaneal Gastrocnemius tendon Flexor Soleus digitorum Flexor hallucis longus longus medial malleolus Lateral Calcaneal malleolus Tuberosity References Hapan, MFZ, Domingo, JD, Sadang, MGM. (2021). Laboratory Manual on Anatomy and Physiology. C & E Publishing