UST General Santos Anatomy and Physiology Exercise 7 PDF

PRAYER BEFORE CLASS Holy Spirit, Divine Creator, true source of light and fountain of wisdom! Pour forth your brilliance upon my dense intellect, dissipate the darkness which covers me, that of sin and of ignorance. Grant me a penetrating mind to understand, a retentive memory, method and ease of le...

PRAYER BEFORE CLASS Holy Spirit, Divine Creator, true source of light and fountain of wisdom! Pour forth your brilliance upon my dense intellect, dissipate the darkness which covers me, that of sin and of ignorance. Grant me a penetrating mind to understand, a retentive memory, method and ease of learning, the lucidity to comprehend, and abundant grace in expressing myself. Guide the beginning of my work, direct its progress and bring it to successful completion. This I ask through Jesus Christ, true God, and true man, living and reigning with You and the Father, forever and ever. Amen. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY Exercise 7: The Skeletal System Learning Outcome At the end of the activity, the student must be able to Discuss the major divisions of the skeletal system Categorize the different bones according to major divisions where they belong and the shape of bone Identify the different bone markings seen on the surfaces of the bones and state their functions OUTLINE Cross Section of the Human Bone Bone Shape Classification Skeletal Terminology Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton  Cross-Section of the Human Bone Haversian system or osteon Endosteum Periosteum Bone matrix (referred to as lamella) 4 types of lamella Location Endosteal or inner circumferential Endosteum Haversian or concentric Within Haversian systems Interstitial Between Haversian systems Periosteal or outer circumferential Periosteum Overview of Skeletal Anatomy Adult human skeleton: 206 bones 2 major divisions: ○ Axial - longitudinal axis Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum ○ Appendicular Girdles - pectoral and pelvic Appendages - upper and lower extremities Classification according to Bone Shape 1. Long bones 2. Short bones 3. Flat bones 4. Irregular bones 5. Sesamoid bones Classification according to Bone Shape Long bones - longer than they are wide ○ Examples: bones of the upper arm, forearm, fingers, thigh, leg Classification according to Bone Shape Short bones - more or less equal in all dimensions, round or nearly cube-shaped ○ Examples: carpal bones, tarsal bones Classification according to Bone Shape Flat bones - appear compressed in one dimension; relatively thin, flattened shape and are usually curved ○ Examples: ribs, scapulae, cranium, sternum irregular bones Classification according to Bone Shape Irregular bones - shapes do not fit into any of the other categories ○ Examples: vertebrae, pelvic girdle, facial bones, etc Classification according to Bone Shape Sesamoid bones - bones found within a tendon ○ Examples: patella Skeletal Terminology Tubercle - rounded projection Process - sharp projection Foramen - opening through which a nerve or blood vessel passed Sinuses - found in some skull bones; contain air spaces Skeletal Terminology Tubercle - rounded projection Process - sharp projection Foramen - opening through which a nerve or blood vessel passed Sinuses - found in some skull bones; contain air spaces Skeletal Terminology Skeletal Terminology Skeletal Terminology Skeletal Terminology Skeletal Terminology Skeletal Terminology Skeletal Terminology Skeletal Terminology Skeletal Terminology Axial Skeleton Axial Skeleton: Fontanels Fontanels or soft spots larger, membrane-covered spaces between the developing skull bones; have not yet been ossified these bones eventually grow together all fontanels have usually closed by 2 years of age Appendicular Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvis General More massive to Broader, and larger pelvic inlet and accommodate weight and outlet for childbirth size of male body Pelvic inlet / Heart-shaped Oval ; Pelvic outlet Broader Subpubic angle < 90 degrees ≥ 90 degrees ANSWER KEY FOR LAB MANUAL EXERCISE ON THE SKELETAL SYSTEM PROCEDURE A. Axial and Appendicular 1. Study the articulated human skeleton and identify the bones present. 2. Turn to the activity page sheet and accomplish the following: a. Page 103: Label the bones correctly - color all axial bones red and all appendicular bones blue  Clavicle Scapula Sternum Humerus Ribs Vertebral column Hip bone Radius Ulna Femur Patella Tibia Fibula PROCEDURE B. AXIAL SKELETON 1. Study the articulated human skeleton and identify the bones present. 2. Turn to the activity page sheet and accomplish the following: a. Page 105 and 107: Identify and label the cranial and facial bones of the skull b. Page 111: Label the different regions of the vertebral column c. Page 111: Classify the different kinds of ribs and name the different subdivisions of the sternum  Frontal bone Parietal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Occipital bone Mastoid Temporal bone process Mandible Mandibular fossa*  Frontal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mandible  Teeth/Maxillary Maxillary bone teeth Zygomatic Palatine bone bone Choanae Vomer Sphenoid Foramen spinosum bone Mandibular Styloid fossa process Jugular foramen Mastoid Occipital process condyle Foramen Temporal magnum bone Parietal bone Occipital bone Lambdoid suture  Nasal bone Frontal bone Cervical 5th cervical vertebra region 1st thoracic vertebra Thoracic region Lumbar 3rd/4th Lumbar vertebra region Foramen magnum Sacral and Sacrum coccygeal Coccyx regions secret  Nasal bone Frontal bone Jugular notch Sternal angle of Louis/ Sternal angle Manubrium True ribs Body Lung / Intercostal muscles Xiphoid Costal cartilage process Foramen False ribs/ magnum Costochondral joints False ribs/ Subcostal Interchondral joints angle secret  Nasal bone Frontal bone Jugular notch Sternal angle of Louis/ Sternal angle Manubrium True ribs Body Lung / Intercostal muscles Xiphoid Costal cartilage process Foramen False ribs/ magnum Costochondral joints False ribs/ Subcostal Interchondral joints angle secret PROCEDURE C. APPENDICULAR SKELETON 1. Study the articulated human skeleton and identify the bones present. 2. Turn to the activity page sheet and accomplish the following: a. Page 115: Label the bones in Fig 6.6 Bones of upper arm and forearm b. Page 115: Color the following as indicated i. Phalanges: dark green ii. Metacarpals: red iii. Carpals Scaphoid orange Trapezium purple Lunate blue Trapezoid pink Triquetrum black Capitate light green Pisiform yellow Hamate brown  Head Humerus / Body or Shaft of humerus Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Trochlea Capitulum Left humerus anterior view  Olecranon process Trochlear notch Head Coronoid process Neck Ulnar tuberosity Radial tuberosity Anterior border Ulna (shaft) Radius (shaft) Ulnar notch of radius Head Styloid process Styloid process Radius and ulna anterior view  Lunate Triquetrum Scaphoid bone Pisiform Trapezoid Hamate Trapezium Metacarpal bones Proximal phalanx of the pinky Middle phalanx of the pinky Distal phalanx of the pinky Distal phalanges of the fingers Hand anterior view PROCEDURE C. APPENDICULAR SKELETON 1. Study the articulated human skeleton and identify the bones present. 2. Turn to the activity page sheet and accomplish the following: a. Page 119: Label the bones of the thigh and leg b. Page 119: Color the following as indicated i. Talus: red ii. Calcaneus blue iii. Cuboid green iv. Navicular yellow v. Cuneiforms (3) black vi. Metatarsals orange vii. Phalanges brown  Head Neck Neck Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Body (shaft) of femur Nutrient foramen Medial epicondyle Patellar groove Lateral Medial condyle condyle Right femur Anterior view  Sacrum Iliac crest Pelvic inlet Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint Anterior superior iliac spine Ilium/I liac Anterior inferior fossa iliac spine Ischial spine Acetabulum Pubis Pubic tubercle Ischium Obturator foramen Pubic symphysis Subpubic angle  Medial condyle Lateral condyle Apex Tibial tuberosity Fibula / Fibula (shaft) Tibia (anterior surface) Fibula (medial surface) Tibia / Tibia (shaft) Distal articulation of tibia and fibula Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus Right Tibia & fibula Anterior view  Talus Navicular Cuneiforms Calcaneus Metatarsals Cuboid Tarsometatarsal joints Distal phalanx of 5th metatarsal great toe Metatarsal-phalangeal joints Proximal phalanx of toe Middle phalanx of toe Right foot Oblique view References Hapan, M.F.Z., Domingo, J.D., Sadang, M.G.M. (2021). Laboratory Manual on Anatomy and Physiology. C & E Publishing Netter, F.H. (2019). Atlas of Human Anatomy. (7th ed.). Elsevier VanPutte, C. L., & Seeley, R. R. (2019). Seeley's anatomy & physiology. (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 1. What view is this? 2. What bone is this 🌞? 3. What is the classification of this bone according to shape? 1 1. What view is this? LATERAL VIEW 2. What bone is this 🌞? FRONTAL BONE 3. What is the classification of this bone according to shape? FLAT BONE 1 1. What bone is this 🌞? 2. Right or Left? 3. What part is being pointed at? 2 1. What bone is this 🌞? HUMERUS 2. Right or Left? LEFT 3. What part is being pointed at? DELTOID TUBEROSITY 2 1. What bone is this 🌞? 2. What is the classification of this bone according to shape? 3. What is the definition of your answer in #2? 3 1. What bone is this 🌞? TIBIA 2. What is the classification of this bone according to shape? LONG BONE 3. What is the definition of your 3 answer in #2? Thank you for your kind attention! Hope you guys learned something! 🌞