Political Dimensions Of Globalization PDF

POLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION Learning Objectives: At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to: 1. Define the concept of a nation sate; 2. Illustrate the rise and dominance of a nation state; 3. Discuss the state in the globalizing world; 4. Analyze the changing landscape of gl...

POLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION Learning Objectives: At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to: 1. Define the concept of a nation sate; 2. Illustrate the rise and dominance of a nation state; 3. Discuss the state in the globalizing world; 4. Analyze the changing landscape of global politics; 5. Discuss how civil society relates to global Political Dimensions of Globalization The political dimension of globalization highlights the primacy of the modern state system in influencing the process of globalization throughout its history. Hans Scattle (2014) articulated that the modern state system is slowly being replaced by economics as a vehicle in explaining how global community is organized in the contemporary world. Political Dimension Globalization The same perspective is likewise shared by Arjun Appadurai and Kenichi Ohmae who expressed their dislike with the modern state system to favor the ascendance of economics in leading the process of globalization. Manfred Steger however dismissed these apprehensions as premature and erroneous that confines the process of globalization to other limited perspectives. The political dimension of globalization is described as the continuous intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe. Nation-State Nation as a concept is objectively defined by Andrew Heywood as a cultural entity, a group of people who speak the same language, have the same religion, and are bound by a shared past and so on. Nation is basically bounded by a common origin that constitutes its identity in contrast to other groups or collectivity. Its fundamental difference apparently lies in fact that its members think and act as a common group of people who belong in the same class or category. Concept of State State is defined by Heywood as a political association that establishes sovereign jurisdiction within defined territorial borders, and exercises authority a set of permanent institutions. As a political organization, the state is considered as a political community that is composed of the essential elements of people, territory, government and sovereignty. As discussed by Opello and Rostow, the first characteristic of nation-state considers the concept as a political entity with a defined geographical territory that is clearly marked and administered. The second characteristic treats the nation-state as a powerful organization that imposes its will upon its people and territory. The third characteristic provides the nation-state with a political structure called government that enables the systematic administration of its people and territory. The fourth characteristics is the same manner as it delineates the geographical territory of the nation- state with fixed boundaries in the entry and exit points. The fifth characteristic is that it provides the nation- state with a stable government that has the monopoly in the application of the physical force. The sixth characteristic confers the nation- state with a quality population that complements the administration of its government and affords the nation-state with a sense of identity in the global community. The seventh characteristics speaks about the availability of committed inhabitants that matches the existence of a responsible government. Characteristics of Nation- State Marked and Administered Territory The first characteristic of the nation-state considers the concept of political entity with a defined geographical territory that is clearly marked and administered. Organization that Imposes Its Will The second characteristic treats the nation-state as a powerful organization that imposes its will upon its people and territory. Existence of a Political Structure The third characteristic likewise provides the nation-state with a political structure called government that enables the systematic administration of its people and territory. Existence of Fixed Boundaries The fourth characteristic is the same manner delineates the geographical territory of the nation-state with fixed boundaries in its entry and exit points. Monopoly in the Application of Force The fifth characteristic provides that the nation-state has a stable government that has a monopoly in the application of the physical force. Existence of Quality Population The sixth characteristic confers the nation-state with a quality population that complements the administration of its government and affords the nation- state with a sense of identity in the global community. Presence of Committed Inhabitants The seventh and last characteristic of the nation-state speaks about the availability of committed inhabitants that matches the existence of a responsible government. Heywood stated that the persuasive strength of the nation-state rests in its ability to provide every political entity with the crucial cultural cohesion and political unity. The ideal nation-state according to Heywood is erected not on the basis of political necessity but by a solid number of people who share the same culture or ethnic identity. The principle of territoriality according to Anthony McGrew (2016) provides every nation- state with the complementary territory or fixed borders where its members can freely enjoy the benefits of statehood. The principle of sovereignty in addition entitles the ruling authority with crucial power to govern its members and territories without intervention from the outside world. Nation-State in Globalizing World The author believes that the modern nation- states are still in control of their domestic affairs and remain forefront of pursuing their interest in the global community. Modern Nation-States are continuously in the adaptive process while at the same time moving in several directions. The various developments that occurred with the introduction of globalization reshaped the character of the modern nation-states in terms of their capacities, constituencies, policymaking progress, and policy contents. The capacities of the modern nation states have recently been affected by globalization that limited their authority to control transborder activities like the movement of goods and capitals. The increased in their activities resulted into the expansion of their constituencies to include other spaces in the global community. Changes in the policymaking process as well as policy contents are also evident in the progression of the modern Global governance The emergence of several issues like global terrorism, interstate wars, climate change, civil wars, human trafficking and the spread of nuclear weapons resulted in the recent reiteration of global governance. Existence of treaties and conventions which impose certain obligations among political actors. Regionalism The state-lead or states-led projects designed to reorganize a particular regional space along defined economics and political lines. Regionalism in this context is seen as states-led project, an initiative of several states that outlines their broad economic and political objectives. Regionalization The process which deepen the integration of particular regional economic spaces according to Payne and Gamble. The processes take the significant forms or flows of trade, investment, aid and people. Unlike regionalism, regionalization is a process that takes place without the deliberate intervention of the state. The practice of regionalism through the years has been consistently pursued by several independent states in the international community. The trade agreement opened up its economy and apparently served well the interest of its manufacturing industry. -featured an unprecedented lifting of trade barriers among its member countries and in a matter of years achieved a tariff-free trade region in the northern part of the American hemisphere. The global civil society is viewed by the existing scholars of globalization as a result of remarkable events that transpired in the remaining years of 20 th century. The idea of global interconnectedness refers to the growing connections between the different modern nation-states and other international economic and social organization. The process of global- interconnectedness according to Kaldor happens not only in the area of economics but also in the political, social, cultural spheres as well. This global interconnectedness in the process took the form of globalization that broadened the concept of global The process of global interconnectedness according to Kaldor happens not only in the area of economics but also in the political, social, and cultural spheres as well. The global interconnectedness in the process took the form of globalization that broadened the concept of global civil society. There are independent organization that operates autonomously from the governments of modern nation-states. They serve as alternative institutions in checking the inefficiencies of the governments and act as advocates of several interest that may be related governance, environmental health, social welfare, human rights, education and other areas. The global civil society according to the World Economic Forum performs several important functions that are common to all independent organizations in the global community. Critical functions: watchdog, advocate, service, provider, solidarity supporter, definer of standards, capacity builder, incubator, representative, expert and citizenship champion. Achievements of Global Society Global Accountability – The pursuit of global accountability is one of the areas where the global civil society has positively performed. The establishment of the International Criminal Court is an indication of the apparent success of the global civil society in exacting the nation of accountability. Achievements of Global Civil Society Participation and Empowerment In the area of participation and empowerment, the recent initiative of the global civil society resulted in the increase in the number of countries that consent the same sex marriage. Achievements of Global Civil Society Cultivation Alliances The global civil society has also performed remarkably in the cultivation of alliances with the other members of the global community. Raising Awareness The global civil society has also raised the awareness of the global community in the number of international issues that concerns the environment, education, welfare and health. Achievements of Global Civil Society Shared Humanity The global civil society in recent years has also been an instrument in providing assistance to people who are infected with diseases. Application of Innovations The global civil society has strongly pushed for innovations that furthered the protection of the environment. The accomplishments of the global civil society are certainly impossible without the necessary support and involvement of the different international non-governmental organizations. The International Committee of the Red Cross is one of the prominent examples of the international non-governmental organizations that evidently contributed to the improvement of human conditions in different parts of the world. The Amnesty International is another example of international non- governmental organization that regularly monitors the abuses on human rights in different parts of the globe. It is one of the outstanding organizations that supported the establishment of International Criminal Court and until now it is constantly hearing cases related to violations of human rights. Global governance – the sum of many ways individuals and institutions public or private administer their common affairs. It is a continuing process through which conflicting or diverse interests may be accommodated and co-operative action taken. It includes formal institutions and regimes empowered to enforce compliance as well as informal arrangements that people and institutions have agreed. Global governance is the manner on how relations in the global community are established and the way international issues are fundamentally resolved. Global governance engages several international actors, public or private that are deemed useful in facilitating the resolutions of complex issues besetting the global community. According to Weiss and Takur, the idea of global governance revolves around the sum of laws, norms, policies and institutions which define, constitute and mediate trans-border relations between states, cultures, citizens, inter- governmental and non-governmental organization. Global governance does not mean one global government. The concept as defined earlier goes beyond the notion of seeing the existence of global government that administers the transborder relationships of several countries in the global community. Global governance does not mean one global government. The concept goes beyond the notion of seeing the existence of a global government that administers the transborder relationships of several countries in the global community. Global governance for Karns and Mingst is composed of pieces that account for the activities and arrangements of the different political actors in the global community. Some of these pieces of global governance include the different international structures and mechanisms, international rules and laws, international norms and regimes and ad-hoc groups and global conferences. Ad-hoc groups and global conferences can also be considered as significant elements in the global community. They provide critical opportunities by which global governance can be facilitated in the international community.  United Nations The most visible example of the inter-governmental organizations that have consistently dictated the phase of global governance in the contemporary world. Non-governmental organizations have been instrumental in providing crucial information to several international issues. The General Assembly provides a venue for the discussion of issues related to international peace and security and recommends possible actions in order to resolve these issues. The Security Council in the same manner decides on several issues that are submitted by the General Assembly. The Economic Social Council complements the other organs of the ? United Nations through its comprehensive studies and reports related to economic and social issues. The Trusteeship Council is another crucial organ of the UN that was created by the charter to administer a number of territories relegated through the trusteeship system. The International Court of Justice serves as the judicial organ of the United Nations which deliberates and decides on the several issues that are submitted to it. The Secretariat completes the five organs and serves as the administrative part of the entire system of the United Nations.  United Nations remain committed to the provision of peacekeeping forces to countries and other areas where peace is often a problem and threatened by lawless groups. Reference: The Contemporary World: Looking Through Lenses of Globalization 2022 by Carmelo Rico S. Bihasa Pages 67-93  Economic Dimension of Globalization It is defined by Manfred Steger as a process that refers to the intensification and stretching of economic connection across the globe. The intensification and stretching of economic connection is achieved through the globalization of trade and finance as well as the establishment of powerful economic institutions. The movement of goods and services across the globe and the removal of trade barriers deepen the economic interactions of several states in the global community. The global economic order that existed prior to the establishment of the Bretton Woods Institutions provided the international community with a steady and functional economic platform. The United States of America and Great Britain directed their prominent economists to find ways on how the new global economic order should be pursued. The Bretton Woods Conference recommended the practice of international trade that supported the adoption of liberal economic policies. This resulted to the adoption of a universal currency where other countries are pegged at a specific value. International Trade and Globalization The growth of international trade came into a grinding halt with the unexpected outbreak of the First World War in 1914. The years of continued conflict eroded the confidence of the warring countries which revived their protectionist stance similar to the previous years. The World Trade Organization aimed at the reduction of the existing trade barriers and the expansion of rules related to the practice of international trade. It came up with the reduction of tariffs on a variety of information technology products. This move was complemented by another round of tariff reduction on advanced information technology products that have become pivotal in spurring the growth of the global economy in 2012. The World Trade Organization WTO (2015) likewise proceeded in 2010 to reduce the tariffs on pharmaceutical products and other public health goods. This agreement lowered the cost of producing several health-related products and enabled the less developed countries to participate in the process. The WTO similarly expanded the practice of international trade in 2004 by introducing the trade facilitation agreement. This agreement facilitated the movement of goods as well as the cooperation of custom authorities among different members of the WTO. In addition to this, the World Trade Organization also expanded the coverage of trade rules to services aside from the normal exchange of goods. This move reduced the monopoly of the public sector in the provision of services that have become critical in the development of the global economy. With the participation of the private sector, the distribution of services has become more effective and competitive compared with the monopoly of the public sector. WTO broadened the applications of its rules to government procurement that has experienced a considerable growth in the global economy. Its inclusion in the rules of the World Trade Organization has opened the possibility of seeing participation of international companies in the procurement process of several governments. International Finance and Globalization International finance is a system within which people, businesses, governments and other groups interact in the global economy. This describes and explains the flows of payments that occur among several countries. International Monetary System Classical Gold Standard is anchored on a fixed exchange rate, in which national currencies were pegged to the gold at an equivalent rate. Likewise, the countries using this monetary system were required to maintain their international reserves of gold that can be employed to off-set any problem in the balance of payments. International Monetary System Gold Exchange Standard The succeeding gold exchange standard showed a number of characteristics that proved to be beneficial to the members of the international community. One of the striking characteristics of the gold exchange standard is that countries were allowed to maintain both gold and a major currency as their international reserves during the interwar period.  International Monetary System Bretton Wood System It emerged due to Bretton Woods conference that marked the return of the international community to the gold exchange standard. Compared with the previous gold exchange standard, the new monetary system – the post war gold exchange standard – was spearheaded by the United States of America together with Great Britain and other capitalist counties.  International Monetary System Mixed System of Floating and Fixed Exchange Rate -in a mixed monetary system, countries are allowed to choose their preferred exchange rate that comes in the form of either floating or fixed exchange rate system. After the Second World War, several developed countries allowed their currencies to float while the others opted for a fixed exchange rate system. International Economic Institutions International Monetary Fund is one of the three prominent international economic institutions that were created after the Bretton Woods conference in 1944. The institution focused its attention primarily to the administration of the monetary system – pegged exchange rate system – that was agreed by several countries in the conclusion of the Bretton Woods Conference. International Economic Institutions International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is the second of the three international economic institutions that were created by the architects of the Bretton Woods System in 1944. The institution was mandated by its member-countries to provide the necessary funds to a number of countries that needed the costly post-war reconstruction. International Economic Institutions World Trade Organization succeeded the place of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and continued with the regulation of the international trade. the institution according to Cohn was more effective and authoritative than the agreement. In fact, it has succeeded in several areas where the agreement was not able to capitalize.  International Economic Institutions Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development A selected group of developed countries created the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in 1961 with the clear objective of improving the international economy through consultations and adoption of sound economic policies. The institution provides the avenue by which member-countries can discuss successful experiences in responding to persistent international economic problems. International Economic Institutions Asian Development Bank Compared to other development banks, the Asian Development Bank operates on the regional level and concentrates its resources to several developing countries in Asia Pacific region. The institution was established in 1966 through the relentless effort of the Tokyo Study Group lead by Kaoru Ohashi, Makoto Watanabe and Takeshi Watanabe. International Economic Institutions Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Is the latest iteration of the international economic institution in the early years of the 21st century. Supported by China, the institution was established in 2015 to provide the developing countries with the alternative means of financing their respective national economies. Reference: The Contemporary World: Looking Through Lenses of Globalization 2022 by Carmelo Rico S. Bihasa Pages 97-122 ISSUE: SIMPLE EXPLANATION: POSSIBLE SOLUTION BASED ON THE ISSUE: It can be presented through a chart or any organizer for better organization Rubric Issues: Relevance and Timeliness - 7 points Explanation/Summary of the Issues/ 10 points Possible solutions Organization of ideas – 8 points Strategies/Plans/Techniques -10 points Relevance/Timeliness/Suitability – 10 points