PMLS Lecture 1 (Block Trans).pdf

History of medical technology ❁ SEMESTER 1 PRELIMS | PMLS | Prof. IRISH PONCE SY. 202...

History of medical technology ❁ SEMESTER 1 PRELIMS | PMLS | Prof. IRISH PONCE SY. 2024-2025 rr COURSE OUTLINE 600 BC I. History of Medical Technology on a ➔ Physicians recorded the sweet taste of Global Context diabetic urine wherein it can attract ants II. History of Medical Technology in the United States *Side notes III. Development of Medical Technology ➔ Urine is known as the ultrafiltrate of blood in the Philippines IV. History of Milestones in Medical (plasma), renal threshold sugar in blood Technology should not be present in urine. ➔ Normal urine should not contain sugar, urine is abnormal if it does I. HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ON A ➔ Renal threshold for glucose is 160-180 GLOBAL CONTEXT grams per dL, if excess would be present Early diagnosis treated diseases as a mystery. in urine then patient is diabetic Disease was believed to be caused by a negative interaction between the environment 1500 BC and the body. VIVIAN HERRICK 400 BC ➔ medical technologist ➔ determined that intestinal parasitic HIPPOCRATES infection was caused by Ascaris ➔ Great physician and founder of science lumbricoides and the Taenia specie. medicine (‘Father of Medicine’) ➔ traces the beginning of medical determined the correlation between technology when intestinal parasites such anatomical and chemical laboratory as Taenia and Ascaris were first identified. findings and the causes of diseases. ◆ Taenia is a flatworm that can be ➔ formulated the famous Hippocratic Oath transmitted in beef and pork which is the code of ethics for practicing physician. uncooked ➔ He described FOUR HUMORS or body Types of Taenia fluids in humans which is; ○ Taenia solium - pork ◆ Blood tapeworm flatform ◆ phlegm ◆ yellow bile can be transmitted ◆ black bile. via uncooked pork ➔ He also advocated the testing of urine, ◆ Cysticercosi listening to the lungs, and observing outward appearances in the diagnosis of s - pork disease. tapeworm ➔ He concluded that the appearance of taenia bubbles, blood, and pus in urine indicated kidney disease and chronic illnesses. solium can ➔ Adopted the triad regimen in treating be present in diseases and infection brainstem or ◆ Drugs ◆ Surgery diff part of ◆ Bloodletting body, cis formation ➔ During these times, urine was regarded as a composite of these humors ○ Taenia saginata - ➔ Urinalysis – study of urine, considered as beef tapeworm oldest laboratory procedures today. ◆ 3 tests performed in urinalysis; check for physical appearance, chemical, and microscopic stage LECTURE # 1 | BSMLS – HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ◆ Ascaris roundworm, hookworm ➔ Used the microscope to differentiate and trichuris trichiura - transmitted normal and abnormal cells via soil (unholy 3) 19TH CENTURY EBERS PAPYRUS ➔ Oldest preserved Egyptian compilation of LOUIS PASTEUR medical texts ➔ Discovered the concept of anaerobic and ➔ It contains description of the three stages aerobic bacteria of hookworm infection ◆ Anaerobic (do not need oxygen to ◆ 1st stage: Feeding Stage ◆ 2nd stage: Can cause skin survive) and aerobic bacteria penetration (needs oxygen to survive) ◆ 3rd stage: Already inside the body ◆ Facultative anaerobic - may or may (intestines of the patient) not need air to survive (more on ➔ L1 - Filariform present in soil: Skin doesn't need air) penetration ◆ Facultative aerobic - may or may ➔ L2 - Rhabditiform: stage hookworm can not need air to survive (more on cause skin penetration and infect needs air) ➔ L3 - Adult form: intestines of patients II. HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN ➔ Papyrus plant seen in Egypt (almost THE UNITED STATES extinct) used as paper Advances in scientific knowledge in the field of medicine were applicable to both medical practice and medical education in Europe and MEDIEVAL PERIOD (1098-1438) America. In the United States, medical education underwent much needed reforms. RUTH WILLIAMS ➔ believed that medical technology began DR. WILLIAM H. WELCH from the medieval period ANNA FAGELSON ➔ In 1885, Dr. Welch became the first ➔ confirmed the beginnings of medical professor of Pathology at John Hopkins technology when she correlated the cause University of death of Alexander Gillani (who is ➔ *The first clinical laboratory was opened in employed by an Italian doctor) to 1896 at the John Hopkins Hospital by Dr. laboratory-acquired infection William Osler. ➔ * A clinical laboratory was also opened at the University of Pennsylvania in 1896. (William Pepper Laboratory) 17TH CENTURY *Side notes ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK ➔ Pathologist is the head of clinical lab ➔ First scientist to observe and describe the (brightest doc in lab) appearance of red blood cells and to ➔ Institutional lab within hospital or school differentiate bacteria based on their shape (Univ lab is institutional) using compound microscope ➔ Freestanding lab MARCELLO MALPIGHI DR. JAMES C. TODD ➔ Greatest of the early microscopist ➔ His contributions to embryology and anatomy made him known as the ➔ Wrote “A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis” “Founder of Pathology” ➔ Retitled “Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods” in the 19th edition 18TH CENTURY 1900: CENSUS RUDOLF VIRCHOW ➔ Father of microscopic pathology ➔ 100 technicians (lab assistant), all male ➔ Was the first who emphasized the study were employed in the United states of diseases and infections, which are visible at the cellular level by means of microscope LECTURE # 1 | BSMLS – HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 1915 After World War II, the first clinical laboratory was built at Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila (where the Manila Public Health Laboratory is presently ➔ The state legislature of Pennsylvania located) by the 26th Infantry Division of the enacted a law requiring all hospitals and 6th US Army institutions to have an adequate laboratory and to employ a full-time They started training high school graduates to laboratory technician work as laboratory technicians for a year 1920 Laboratory facilities were not utilized and it was no longer used because science was not popular ➔ Increased to 3,500 (technicians) during those days 1922 JUNE 1945 ➔ 3,035 hospitals had clinical laboratories ➔ The staff of the 6th US Army left the place leaving the laboratory to the National WORLD WAR 1 Department of Health ➔ Was an important factor in the growth of Dr. ALFREDO PIO DE RODA the clinical laboratory and produced a great demand for technicians ➔ Filipino doctor and well known Bacteriologist UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA ➔ Preserved the remains of the laboratory together with the help of Dr. Mariano Icasiano ➔ Where one of the first schools for training workers was established ➔ A course bulletin was entitled “Courses in DR. MARIANO ICASIANO Medical Technology for Clinical and Laboratory Technicians” (1922) ➔ First City Health Officer of Manila 1921 OCTOBER 1, 1945 ➔ The Denver Society of Clinical ➔ The preserved laboratory was formally Pathologists was organized established by Dr. Alfredo Pio De Roda with the help of Dr. Prudencio Sta. Ana 1923 ➔ They offered a free training for all with no specific duration of training and certificates ➔ University of Minnesota was the first to offer level program 1947 WORLD WAR 2 ➔ Public Health Laboratory, Manila Health Department (PHL-MHD) started training ➔ The use of blood increased and the “close laboratory technicians system” of blood collection was widely adopted ➔ Laboratory medicine certainly moved into 1954 an era of sophistication ➔ Dr. Alfredo Pio De Roda instructed Dr. *Side notes Prudencio Sta. Ana to prepare a syllabus for training medical technicians together ➔ Open system when blood is exposed with with Dr. Tirso Briones, they conducted a air six months training course with certificate ➔ Syringe is an open system method ➔ Evacuated tube system (ets) is a closed Manila Sanitarium Hospital and Philippine Union College offered a course for Medical system Technology ➔ The first Medical Technology school was put up by the efforts of the following people: III. DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL ◆ Mrs. Willia Hedrick - founder of TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES medical education in the Philippines with the help of Antoinette McKelvey LECTURE # 1 | BSMLS – HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ◆ Dr. Reuben Manalaysay - ➔ started its School of Medical President of the Philippine Union Technology through the combined College ◆ Rev. Meritt Warren - President of efforts of Dr. Horacio Ylagan and Dr. the North Philippines Mission of Serafin Juliana with the authority the 7th Day Adventist and director granted to them by Dr. Lauro of Bureau of Education in the Panganiban and Dr. Jesus Nelasco, Philippines Dean of the Institute of Medicine. The three prepared the course curriculum and established the first complete laboratory in Dr. Horacio Ylagan ➔ MICROBIOLOGY ➔ Became the technical director of Far ➔ PARASITOLOGY Eastern University and had its first ➔ HISTOPATHOLOGY graduates in 1963 ➔ A five-year course leading to a bachelor of science degree in Medical Technology University of the Philippines (UP) was approved by the Bureau of Education ➔ started offering B.S. in Hygiene (B.S. in Public Health) *Side notes ➔ Microbiology - study of microorganisms ➔ The offering of the Bachelor's degree (ex. bacteria, virus fungi) ➔ Parasitology - parasites (ex. roundworms in Medical Technology was followed and flatworms, protozoa) by several colleges and universities ➔ Histopathology - study of cells and all over the country tissues IV. HISTORICAL MILESTONES MARCH 1956 ➔ Philippine Union College had its first Inventions and Innovations in the Field of M graduate, Mr. Jesse Umali who later on pursued a medical degree and graduated Anton Van Leeuwenhoek at Far Eastern University (FEU) 1660 ★ Father of Microbiology ➔ Mr. Avelino Oliva and Ms. Adoracion ★ Known for his work on the improvem Yutuc graduated in summer 1796 Edward Jenner 1957 ★ Discovered Vaccination to establis ○ Small pox - vaccine used w ➔ University of Santo Tomas (UST) offered pox) an elective course in Pharmacy leading to ★ Impact of contribution: Immunolog a Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology course under Dr. Antonio 1802 Marie Francois Xavier Bichat Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes ★ Identified organs by the types of tis ★ Imapct of contribution: Histology 1960 1835 Agostino Bassi June 1960 –1961 ★ Produced disease in worms by inje ➔ Bureau of Education officially approved ★ Impact of contribution: beginning o the 3 year medical techonology course and the following year, the 4th year 1857 Louis Pasteur internship program ★ Successfully produced immunity to 1960 ○ Collected samples brain an ➔ Centro Escolar University (CEU), through rabies and introduce to kid w the initiative of President Carmen De Luna - virus that affects the brain and university registar Generosa De Leon ○ Anti-rabies is composed of delegated Dean Purificacion immunity) Sunico-Suaco to work offering the degree ○ Passive immunity (anti-rab B.S. Medical Technology and turned out ○ Active immunity (own body the first batch of graduates in 1962 order to fight) ○ Types of vaccine 1961 Live attenuated vacc make an antibody, d Far Eastern University (FEU) 1866 Gregor Mendel LECTURE # 1 | BSMLS – HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ★ Enunciated his law of inherited 1980 Baruch Samuel Blumberg on plants ★ Introduced the Hepatitis B vaccine ★ Used peapods and crossbreed ○ 3 dose of vaccine - 1st dose ★ Father of Genetics 3-6 months then booster (n nag-booster) 1870 Joseph Lister ★ Demonstrated that surgical infe 1985 Kary Mullis airborne organisms. ★ Developed the Polymerase Chain R ○ Aerosolized 1992 Andre van Steirteghem 1877 Robert Koch ★ Introduced the intracytoplasmic sp ★ Presented the first pictures of b bacilli 1998 James Thomson ○ In rod shape ★ Derived the first human Stem Cell li ○ Stem cell abundant in babie 1886 Ellie Metchnokoff can be developed in diff typ ★ Described phagocytes in blood old cell) infection ○ Phagocytes cell that figh FUTURE TRENDS and destroys cells) phag ➔ Latest technologies include robotic 1886 Ernst Von Bergmann devices, keyhole surgery procedures and ★ Introduced steam sterilization in genetic engineering created from ○ Sterilization (autoclave) knowledge about DNA molecules 1902 Karl Landsteiner ★ Distinguished blood groups thro Terminology ABO blood group system KEY TERMS 1906 August von Wassermann ★ Developed immunologic tests f ☆ Rhabditiform - the initial developmental larval stage (first and second) of soil-borne 1906 Howard Ricketts nematodes. ★ Discovered microorganisms wh ☆ Filariform - penetrate the human host skin bacteria and virus called rickett to initiate the parasitic cycle ○ Rickettsiae (bacteria) - w (infects cell like a virus) ☆ Aerosolized - having the form of a fine spray or colloidal suspension in the air. *Side note ☆ Hepatitis A - is mostly a food-borne illness ○ Virus (infects an individu and can be spread through contaminated ○ Bacteria (infects outside water and unwashed food. It is the easiest to transmit, especially in children, but is also the inside cell least likely to damage the liver and is usually mild and is completely resolved within six 1929 Hans Fischer months. ★ Worked out the structure of hem ☆ Hepatitis B - can be transmitted through ○ Hemoglobin (globin: pro exposure to contaminated blood, needles, carries oxygen syringes or bodily fluids and from mother to baby. It is a chronic disorder and in some cases may lead to long-term liver damage, 1954 Jonas Salk liver cancer and cirrhosis of the liver after ★ Developed poliomyelitis vaccin many years of carrying the virus. ○ Intramuscular vaccine ☆ Hepatitis C - only transmitted through ○ Poliomyelitis (nerves in i infected blood or from mother to newborn Muscle degenera during childbirth. It too can lead to liver cancer and cirrhosis in the long term. *Additional Info ☆ Hepatitis D - only found in people who are Albert Sabin (1960’S) also infected with hepatitis B. ★ Developed poliomyelitis vaccin ☆ Hepatitis E - predominantly found in Africa, Asia and South America. 1973 James Westgard ★ Introduced the Westgard Rules ☆ Hepatitis B, C, & D - can be transmitted through blood and sexual Clinical Laboratory ☆ Hepatitis A & E - oral-fecal route (by eating LECTURE # 1 | BSMLS – HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY - describes a particular route of transmission of a disease wherein pathogens in fecal particles pass from one person to the mouth of another person.) SUMMARIZATION History of Medical Technology on a Global Context ☆ 400 BC - Hippocrates ☆ Four Humors - Blood, Phlegm, Black Bile, & Yellow Bile REFERENCES 1. McPhersons, R.A.2007, Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management, Philadelphia, PA: Saunders 2. Bishop, M.L. 2005, Clinical Chemistry: Principles, Procedures, Correlations, Philadelphia, PA: Lippincoat Williams and Wilkin 3. Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1: Benitez, Petrona A., Dumaoal, Oliver Shane R., Estrella, Fedelyn P., Mortel, Ferdinand A., Nava, Mark Raymund G. 4. Introduction to Medical Technology with Science, Technology and Society: Suba, Sally C., Florida, Jennifer S.