Plant Diseases PDF

DOMANDE PLANT >> NON SVOLTE 1) Viruses reproduce: (DOPPIA 224) B. Ochratoxins (Ochratoxin A (OTA)) a) Asexually 11) Fusarium head blight of wheat is caused by b) Sexually A. A c...

DOMANDE PLANT >> NON SVOLTE 1) Viruses reproduce: (DOPPIA 224) B. Ochratoxins (Ochratoxin A (OTA)) a) Asexually 11) Fusarium head blight of wheat is caused by b) Sexually A. A complex of fusaria c) Nor asexually or sexually B. Fusarium graminearum 2) Aflatoxins in Europe are supposed to: 12) Prevalence of disease symptoms refers to: (SIMILE 62) A. A geographic area A. Increase B. A field B. Decrease C. Stay at same level 13) What is a plant disease: 4) Objectives of predictive models can be: A. harmful deviation from natural functioning of physiological process A. Determine the probability of an event B. Determine the scale of an event 14) A biotic pathogen: C. Determine scale, timing, probability, A. Non-infectious and non-transmissible and performance B. Infectious and transmissible 6) Symptoms appear: 15) Pheromones aren’t used by insects for: A. During inoculation A. Food B. During penetration B. Sex C. During incubation C. Trials 7) IPM include: 18) What pathogen cause mold (DOPPIA 150) A. Environmental quality A. Virus B. Number of applications for chemicals B. Bacteria 8) A polycyclic pathogen has: C. Fungi A. 1 cycle 19) Penicillium Verruacosum produce: B. 2 cycles A. Aflatoxin C. Many cycles B. Ochratoxin (Ochratoxin A) 9) Infectious period ends when there’s: (The C. Fusamin infectious period is when the secondary 20) Mycotoxins are rated: (SIMILE 90) inoculum is available, which means that since the spores of the secondary inoculum are A. Mainly in acute risk available this is the infectious period till when B. Both acute and chronic risk no more spores and bacteria cells are C. Mainly in chronic risk available, the infection period stops.): 21) We can find mycotoxins in: A. Availability of secondary inoculum A. Vegetable product 10) Aspergillus ochraceous produces: (DOPPIA B. Animal product 74) C. Vegetal and animal product A. Aflatoxins 23) Posteriori analysis is used in: (DOPPIA 180) 32) Extreme events of climate change regards: A. Empiric models A. Increase of CO2 B. Mechanistic models B. Increase of rainfall and T C. Both C. Increase of rainfall and CO2 24) Priori analysis is used in: (DOPPIA 147) 33) Viruses invade tissue: A. Empiric models A. Cuticular B. Mechanistic models B. Intercellular C. Both C. Intracellular 25) Impact of climate change, CO2: 34) Plasmopara viticola is the pathogen of: (SIMILE 172) A. Reduce Carbon dioxide B. Decrease carbon dioxide A. Downy mildew C. Increase of carbon dioxide B. Powdery mildew C. Gray mold 26) Viruses are transmitted by: (SIMILE 87/223) 36) Basidiomycota reproduction way is: A. Wind B. Nematodes A. Sexual C. Wind and nematodes B. Asexual C. Sexual and asexual 27) What we don’t find in pesticides labels: 37) In which stages of the infection cycle the A. Alterative agents pathogen is epiphytic? B. Dosage A. Penetration and evasion 28) Target use of pesticides B. Inoculation, dissemination, and A. Useful but not part of IPM survival B. A concept applied to pest control C. Inoculation and penetration C. Part of IPM 38) When does the latent period end? 29) Monogenic resistance: (DOPPIA 166) A. With evasion and the beginning of the A. Used for monocyclic pathogens infectious phase B. Polycyclic pathogen 40) Monilia fungi reproduce: C. Both mono and poli A. Sexual 30) Avoidance for pathogens include B. Asexual A. Planting site and timing of planting C. Both 31) Monocyclic disease: (DOPPIA 85) 41) Calendar control disease is based on: A. For each cycle of host crop, we have a A. Fixed number of sprays per crop cycle of the pathogen B. A scheduled number of sprays based B. For each cycle of host crop, we have on the active ingredient distribution more cycle of pathogen C. A fixed number of sprays per year C. For one cycle of pathogen we have more cycle of host crop 41) Which between eradication and exclusion 48) The genome of the virus can be (197) isn’t based on agronomic practices? A. Multipartite (located in more than 1 A. Exclude piece of nucleic acid) B. Eradicate B. Multiparticulate (located in more than 1 particle) 42) An explanatory predictive model can be C. Multipartite and multiparticulate also called: 49) Oil spots are caused by: (DOPPIA 140) A. Empiric B. Both A. Botryotinia fuckeliana C. Mechanistic B. Erisyphe necator C. Plasmopara viticola 43) The principles of IPM: (SIMILE 228 ) 51) Food acquirement takes place: A. There are not specific principles B. Prevention and suppression, A. During incubation monitoring and decision making B. During inoculation (contact and C. Analysis colonization) 44) IPM stands for: 52) Fungi penetrate: A. Integrated Pest Modulation 1. Only actively through contact B. Integrated Pest Management 2. Only through natural openings C. Intelligent Pest Modulation 3. Both 45) Grey mould causes disease / damage: 53) Food acquirement (by pathogen) takes place: A. In grapes B. In strawberries A. Only though direct contact between C. In several crops including grapes and pathogen and nutrients strawberries B. Only by producing toxins C. Both 46) Ascocarps is: 54) Fumonisin is mainly in: A. Ascomycota during sexual reproduction A. Maize B. Ascomycota during asexual B. Wheat reproduction C. Maize and wheat C. Both 55) Diagnosis is useful to: 47) Symptoms are: A. Identify the kind of the pathogen A. Expression of the disease 56) The concept of IPM firstly appeared in: B. Expression of the disease only for biotic pathogens A. 2000 C. Expression of the disease only for B. 1945 abiotic pathogens C. 1970 57) What is a phytoplasma? (bacteria) 66) The mould of patulin is: (SIMILE 210) A. Eukaryotic A. Penicillium expansum B. Polykariotic B. Penicillium verrucosum C. Prokaryotic C. Penicillium cyclopium 58) Bacteria reproduction is: (DOPPIA 196) 67) Signs definition (SIMILE 205) A. Sexual A. Structures or products of a pathogen B. Asexual on or in a diseased plant C. Sexual and asexual B. expression of disease by a plant as a response to pathogen 59) Erysiphe necator is: C. Both A. Powdery mildew 68) Predictive models are used: B. Downy mildew C. Could be both A. Pre-harvest B. Post harvest 60) The variables of the disease triangle: C. Both A. Pathogen, host, and environment 69) Weakness point of monogenic resistance? B. Pathogens and host C. Pathogens and environment A. Very specific B. Long-time of activation 61) Climate change will result in the increase of C. None of them A. Temperature and CO2 70) Solarization is not used in pathogen B. Rainfall and CO2 eradication because it causes: C. CO2 A. Increase temperature 62) Aflatoxins projection for climate change: B. Decrease of humidity A. Increase C. Increase competing/antagonism B. Decrease 73) When ends latent phase? C. No change A. With evasion (sign) 63) The 25% of mycotoxin value from FAO is: B. With incubation (symptoms) (SIMILE 243 ) C. With penetration A. An overestimation 74) Aspergillus ochraceous produces: B. An underestimation A. Aflatoxin 64) Incidence is calculated for: B. Ochratoxin A A. Geographic area (prevalence) C. Both B. Crop (incidence) 76) What does the disease triangle represent: C. Plant (severity) A. Disease’s causal agents 65) Behaviour of growing curve in Monocyclic? B. Disease’s epidemics A. Beginning flat behaviour, rapid C. Amount of disease (severity) increase, stabilization 77) Climate change will a ect: 87) Virus transmission: A. All crops A. Air B. Well established crops B. Vector C. Quarantine crops C. Both 78) Bacteria have flagella: 88) Validation must be done for: A. Always A. Mechanistic models B. Some cases B. Predictive models C. Never C. Both 79) Botryotinia fuckeliana (grey moulds) where: 89) What can influence epidemics: A. Mainly grapes and other several host A. Irrigation water quality crops B. Soil composition C. Disease management 80) Severity is used to assess: 90) Mycotoxin risk: A. Monocyclic disease in time (incidence) B. Polycyclic diseases in time (severity) A. Acute C. Both B. Chronic C. Both 81) Cleistothecia is needed for: 91) Descriptive models are also defined: A. Asexual reproduction B. Sexual reproduction A. Empiric B. Mechanistic 83) Soft rot is caused by: C. Both A. Toxins and enzymes 92) Explanatory models are: B. Hormones C. Enzymes A. Empiric B. Mechanistic 84) Abiotic pathogen is: 94) Which of this is a polycyclic pathogen: A. Infectious (DOPPIA 177) B. Transmissible C. Not transmissible A. Phytophthora infestans B. Tilletia tritici 85) What monocyclic disease means: C. Verticillium dalhliae A. Only one cycle 95) Monilia causes damages on: B. Could have more than one cycle C. Could be also defined as polycyclic A. Stone fruits sometimes B. Pome fruits C. Both 86) Defect of solarization and what can cause: 96) Which is a polycyclic disease pathogen: A. Increase of competing and antagonist organisms A. Erysiphe necator B. There are no defects B. Verticillium daliae C. Ustilago maydis 97) Pheromones are not used for: 107) Definition of epidemiology A. Killing A. Epidemiology is the science of how B. Monitoring disease develops in plant populations. C. Mating disruption Plant disease epidemics involve changes in disease intensity over time 98) What is a model: and space in a host population. A. A simplified representation of reality Commonly the elements of an B. A complex representation of reality epidemic are referred to as the C. None “disease triangle”: a susceptible host, pathogen, and conducive environment. 100) Fungi pathogens of plants inactivate at: Moreover, the disease pyramid put A. 40°C humans on the top because we can B. 50°C manage and limit the disease progress C. 60°C curve and damages on crops. 102) Which fungus causes head blight: 108) Bacterial ooze is a sign where: A. Aspergillus flavus A. Polysaccharides spread in the B. Penicillium expansum environment C. Fusarium graminearum B. Lipids spread in the environment C. None 103) Impact on plant pathogens of increase in carbon dioxide emission is: (DOPPIA 203) 109) Grey mould fungus: (SIMILE 187) A. Well known A. Botryotinia fuckeliana B. Poorly known B. Botrytis cinerea C. Unknown C. Both 104) Pycnidia are: (DOPPIA 239) 110) Downy mildew mould: A. Fungi structure for asexual A. Under the leave reproduction B. Above the leave B. Bacteria structure for asexual C. Could be on both parts reproduction 111) Koch’s postulates say: C. Fungi structure for sexual reproduction A. The disease can be isolated in a healthy 105) What is regulated in PPP: (DOPPIA 159) plant not inoculated with the isolated A. Chemicals organism B. Chemicals and biocontrol agents B. The disease must be reproduced in a C. They are not regulated healthy plant inoculated with the isolated organism 106) Where downy mildew can be found: C. The disease must be reproduced in a A. Leaves diseased plant inoculated with the B. All green parts isolated organism C. Bunches 112) Koch’s postulates say: 119) Plant disease can cause financial losses because: A. The disease must be reproduced in an infected plant inoculated with the A. Increase in production costs isolated organism B. Yield loss B. The suspected pathogen must be C. Both consistently associated with the 120) What is the additional element in disease disease pyramid compared to disease triangle: C. The same pathogen characterized after isolating it in a pure culture and noting A. Time its characteristics must be isolated B. Host resilience From a healthy plant C. Weather 113) Components of food security: 121) In pathogen eradication can be used: (DOPPIA 225) A. Good, healthy, attractive, cheap B. Absence of any risk for human health A. High temperatures C. Availability, access, utilization, stability B. Low temperatures C. Both 114) Monocyclic pathogen: 122) The weakness of polygenic plant genetic A. Can grow only in one host resistance is: B. Can only have one cycle on the host C. Can only have one cycle for each cycle A. It loses e icacy rapidly of the host B. There are no weak points C. It limits but do not exclude disease 115) The vascular invasion of phloem is possible for: 123) The mandatory input to run predictive models in plant pathology is: A. Both B. Fungi A. Cropping system data C. Phytoplasma B. Host data C. Meteorological data 116) Fungi are: (DOPPIA 244) 123.1) Extreme events in climate change do not A. Eukaryotes regard: B. Polykaryotes C. Prokaryotes A. Temperature B. Carbon dioxide 117) Plant disease can impact on: C. Rainfall A. Plant product quality 124) Is a logo for organic farming available: B. Plant product quantity C. Plant product quantity and quality A. Yes, delivered in 1991 and changed in 2010 118) Yield loss due to pathogen is the highest: B. Yes, delivered in 1991 A. In potato C. No B. In di erent crops depending on the growing area C. In wheat 126) Signs are visible on lower leaf page when C. Observation of symptoms on plants disease is caused by: and their distribution in a crop A. Eryphise necator 134) The advantage of monogenic plant B. Plasmopara viticola resistant is that: C. Botryotina fuckeliana A. It is very e ective 127) Parasites: B. The resistance is common to several pathogens A. Derive its food from plants C. Pathogens are unable to bypass the B. Derive its food from a living organism resistance C. Derive its food from a dead organism 135) Heat treatments applied for pathogen 128) Are food safety and food security related? eradication are based on: A. Yes A. Steam and hot air B. No B. Steam and hot water C. It depends C. Steam, hot air, hot water and burning 129) Bacterial invasion can be: 136) With climate change: (DOPPIA 157) A. Superficial A. High variability is expected in severity B. Cuticular depending on geographic area C. Intercellular B. Grape diseases are expected to 130) Ascocarps are: increase in severity C. Increase in severity is expected for grey A. Ascomycetes in the asexual mould reproduction B. Ascomycetes in the sexual 137) Data on pesticide residues are collected reproduction in Europe by: C. Basidiomycetes in the sexual A. EFSA reproduction B. Member states 131) Virus genome can be: C. Both A. Only RNA 138) Pesticide resistance: B. Only DNA A. No strategies exist to limit it C. Can be both B. IPM keeps it low 132) Mycotoxin producing fungi do not belong C. Is not considered in IPM to: 140) Oil spots on grape leaves are caused by: A. Aspergillus A. Erisyphe necator B. Botrytis B. Botryotinia fuckeliana C. Fusarium C. Plasmopara viticola 133) A diagnosis in plant disease can be based 141) Phytopathogenic bacteria are? on: A. Gram + A. Observation of symptoms of a single B. Gram – plant C. Both B. Collection of plants 142) Impact of climate change on plant C. Serological disease: 150) Molds are a sign of: A. Depends on pathogen A. Bacteria B. Depends On disease triangle B. Virus C. Easy to predict C. Fungi 143) PPPs are: (DOPPIA 221) 151) Ooze is a sign of: (DOPPIA 208) A. Any compounds distributed on plant for A. Fungi protect B. Bacteria B. Compounds distributed to crop yield C. Virus C. Compounds containing active substances to protect plant 152) Aim of diagnostic method: 144) Climate change: A. Identify proper action to contrast disease A. Impact only on monocyclic pathogens B. Identify damage caused by disease B. Impact on quarantine pathogens C. Identify causal agent of disease C. Impact only on pathogens well established in an area 154) Epidemiology is a branch of plant pathogen, and it doesn’t study: 145) Disease in climate change scenarios can be properly predicted by: A. Disease development B. Diagnosis A. Both mechanistic and empirical C. Crop losses B. Mechanistic C. Empirical 155) Silent spring approach: 146) In IPM is not considered: A. Protection B. Nature compromised by synthetic A. Environmental quality pesticides B. Number of chemical sprays C. Panel of expert in biocontrol C. Growing season 156) In plant disease objective of modelling: 147) A priori analysis of variation in epidemics are managed to develop: A. Predict causal agents B. Predict time and space (scale) A. Mechanistic models C. Predict meteorological events B. Empiric models C. Both 157) Climate change: 148) Meristem culture used to: A. Increase in severity is expected for grey mould A. Not used in plant management B. Grape disease is expected to increase B. Obtaining pathogen-free vegetative in severity propagation C. High variability is expected in disease C. Obtaining pathogen-free seed severity depending in geographic area 149) PCR is based on: A. Biological method B. Molecular 158) Climate change: 166) Monogenic plant resistance is e ective for: A. Increases mycotoxins occurrence variability A. Both monocyclic and polycyclic B. Increases mycotoxin contamination pathogens C. Has no impact mycotoxin B. Polycyclic pathogens contamination C. Monocyclic pathogens 159) PPP product on market: 167) Mechanism involved in action of suppressive soils: A. No regulation in EU B. Regulated only for chemicals A. Are known C. Regulated both for chemical and B. Are partially known biocontrol agents C. Are unknown 160) Plasmopara viticola penetrates in: 168) Infection cycle of pathogens considered in: A. Green tissue B. Bunches at all growth stages A. Empiric model C. Shoots at all growth stages B. Mechanistic C. Both 161) Pathogens show signs after: 170) Legislation for IPM settled in: A. Evasion B. Penetration A. 2012 C. Incubation B. 2009 C. 2010 162) Which can survive in plant debris: (SIMILE 233) 172) Downy mildew of grapes is caused by: A. Fungi and virus A. Phytophthora infestans B. Bacteria and virus B. Plasmopara viticola C. Fungi and bacteria C. Peronospora viticola 163) Main element for fungi taxonomy is: 174) Which statement is false: A. Asexual reproduction A. A fungal species can produce several B. Sexual reproduction mycotoxins C. Characteristics of mycelium B. Mycotoxins cause chronic and acute toxicity to human and animals 164) Classical symptoms caused by fungi in C. Mycotoxins are homogeneous in leaves is: chemical structures A. Circular 175) Legislation defines: B. Angular C. Both A. Max admitted mycotoxins contamination for food and feed 165) Secondary inoculum: B. Max admitted mycotoxins only for feed A. Comes from the over seasoning stage C. Suggestion for max contamination for B. Is only produced by polycyclic food and feed pathogens C. Cause most important infection 176) Serological technologies best for 185) Pesticide residues are regulated: (DOPPIA identification of: (DOPPIA 201) 212) A. Virus A. For crop and food products B. Bacteria B. For food destinated to infants C. Fungi C. Both 177) Which disease is caused by a polycyclic 187) Botryotinia (Botrytis) is a causal agent of: disease: A. Grey mould A. Phytophthora infestans B. Powdery mildew B. Tilletia tritici C. Downy mildew C. Ustilago maydis 189) Yield per ha in organic farming is: 178) Monitoring regards: A. Comparable to conventional farm A. Host crop B. Higher than conventional B. Environmental factors C. Lower than conventional C. Both 190) Climate change scenario for maize: 180) A posteriori analysis of variation in A. Aflatoxins are going to increase epidemiology to develop: B. To decrease A. Mechanistic C. Same level B. Empiric 191) Quarantine pathogens are defined based C. Both on: 181) System analysis is part of: A. Crop basis A. Mechanistic models B. Geographic basis B. Empiric models C. Yield loss basis C. Both 192) Exclusion of plants disease is not based 182) Climate change impact on plant disease: on: A. Positive A. Pest control B. Negative B. Pathogen-free propagative C. Both C. Quarantine parts 183) Impact of climate change on plant 193) In plant disease management is important disease: reduce primary inoculum in: A. Easy to predict A. Monocyclic disease B. Depending on pathogen B. Polycyclic disease C. Depending on disease triangle C. Both 184) Final regulation for organic farming in EU 194) What is common between monocyclic settled in: and polycyclic diseases? A. 1991 A. Disease progress in time B. 2010 B. Primary inoculum C. 2007 C. Secondary inoculum 194) Fungal spores can be disseminated by: 204) Berry cracks are observed after grape infection by: A. Wind B. Rain A. Botrytis fuckeliana C. Both B. Erysiphe necator C. Plasmopara viticola 195) Xylem can be invaded by: 205) What are signs: A. Viruses B. Viruses and phytoplasma A. Structure of products of a pathogen C. Fungi and bacteria usually nonvisible in diseased plants B. Structure of products of a pathogen 196) Bacteria reproduce: visible in diseased plants A. Sexually C. Structure of products of a pathogen B. Asexually visible only in healthy plants C. Both 206) Infectious period starts when: 197) Virus genome can be: A. Pathogen penetrates the host A. Multipartite B. Pathogen evades from the host B. Multiparticulate C. Symptoms are visible C. Both 207) The primary inoculum: 198) Fusarium verticillioides infect maize ears: A. Comes from the over seasoning stage A. Only through pest damages B. Is not relevant for the disease B. Only through silks C. Cause the most important infection C. Both 209) Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of: 199) Plant disease can impact on plant (DOPPIA 240) products: A. Fungi A. Pre-harvest B. Bacteria B. Post harvest C. Both C. Both 210) Penicillium expansum produces: 200) The capacity to produce mycotoxins is: A. Alkaloids A. Strain-dependent B. Patulin B. Genus-dependent C. Ochratoxins C. Spores-dependent 211) In plant diseases, the possible goal of 202) Which disease cause by monocyclic modelling is predicting the: pathogen: A. Probability of an event (if more precise A. Peronospora destructor information is not available) B. Erwinia amylovora B. Causing agent C. Verticillium daliae C. Scale of an event (NON COMPLETA) 212) Pesticides residues are regulated for: A. Crop and food products B. Food destinated to infants  C. Both A. Distributed on plants for their protection 214) Berry rots in grape are caused by: B. Distributed to increase yield A. Botryotinia fuckeliana C. Containing an active substance aimed B. Guignardia bidwellii to protect plants C. Both 223) Viruses can be transmitted by: 215) Plasmopara viticola survive as a: A. Rainfall A. Mycelium B. Nematodes B. Oospores C. Both C. Both 224) Viruses reproduce: 216) The capsid is a part of: A. Asexually A. Fungi B. Sexually B. Bacteria C. Neither C. Virus 225) In pathogen eradication T used can be: 217) Aspergillus flavus produces: A. High A. Aflatoxins B. Low B. Ochratoxins C. Both C. Trichothecenes 226) Main weak point of monogenic resistance: 218) In polycyclic diseases the increase in A. Low e iciency visible symptoms is: B. Loses e iciency rapidly A. Rapid at a certain point of the growing C. None season 227) Small scale experiments are su icient to B. Slow during the growing season (mono) understand the impact of climate change on C. Rapidity depends on the weather plant pathogens: conditions A. Small scale studies are su icient 219) The advantage of polygenic plant B. No further studies are necessary resistance is: C. Large scale studies are requested A. Very e ective 228) Basic principles of IPM are: B. Pathogens are unable to bypass the resistance A. Prevention and intervention C. Resistance is common to several B. Is a general concept, no principles pathogens C. Prevention, suppression, monitoring, decision making 220) Plant disease management depends on: 229) Pesticides residues are: A. Pathogens B. Pathogens and hosts A. Active substances or metabolites that C. Pathogens, hosts, and environment can be found in harvested crops B. Active substances or metabolites that 221) PPPs are compounds can be found on harvested crops or food 233) Fruiting bodies of fungi can survive in: 243) Mycotoxins contaminate the 25% of the crops a global level: A. Soil B. Crop debris A. Overestimated value for all the toxins C. Seeds B. True for all toxins C. Underestimated value for some toxins 234) Basidiospores are produced by: (EX. DOM) A. Bacteria in asexual reproduction 244) Fungi are: B. Fungi in sexual reproduction C. Fungi in asexual reproduction A. Polykaryotes B. Eukaryotes 235) Molecular techniques can be applied for C. Prokaryotes the identification of: 245) Diagnosis is based on: A. Fungi B. Phytoplasmas A. Signs C. All biotic agents B. Symptoms C. Both 236) The number of pesticides samples analysed per year in Europe is around: A. 10.000 B. 100.000 C. 1.000.000 237) In climate change will not increase: A. Carbon dioxide B. Temperature C. Rainfall 238) Food acquirement by: A. Only with di usion of toxins B. Both by contact and toxins di usion C. Only by contact with nutritional source 239) Pycnidia are: A. Produced by bacteria in the asexual reproduction B. Produced by fungi in the asexual reproduction C. Produced by fungi in the sexual reproduction 240) Mycotoxins are A. Secondary metabolites of fungi B. Naturally occurring compounds of bacteria C. Both