Plant Pathology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

How do viruses reproduce?

Both asexually and sexually

Sexually

Neither asexually nor sexually

Asexually (correct)

What is the expected trend of aflatoxins in Europe?

Stay at the same level

Increase

Fluctuate randomly

Decrease (correct)

What is the primary objective of predictive models in plant disease management?

To determine the probability of an event

To determine the performance of a pesticide

To determine the timing of an event (correct)

To determine the scale of an event

When do symptoms of plant disease typically appear?

During incubation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?

Environmental quality (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of pathogen causes mold?

Fungus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a biotic pathogen?

Infectious and transmissible (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is not a primary function of pheromones in insects?

Food detection (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a polycyclic pathogen?

It has many cycles (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of mycotoxin produced by Penicillium Verruacosum?

Ochratoxin (B) Signup and view all the answers

When does the infectious period end?

When no more spores and bacteria cells are available (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of product can be contaminated with mycotoxins?

Vegetal and animal product (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of models is used in posteriori analysis?

Empiric models (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of extreme events of climate change on CO2 levels?

Increase (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do viruses invade tissue?

Intercellular (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceous?

Ochratoxin (D) Signup and view all the answers

What can be impacted by plant disease?

Plant product quality (A), Plant product quantity and quality (C) Signup and view all the answers

In which crop is yield loss due to pathogen highest?

Different crops depending on the growing area (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of parasites?

Derive its food from a living organism (D) Signup and view all the answers

Are food safety and food security related?

Yes (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a monocyclic disease?

For each cycle of host crop, we have a cycle of the pathogen (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is calendar control disease based on?

A scheduled number of sprays based on the active ingredient distribution (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of monogenic plant resistance?

Pathogens are unable to bypass the resistance (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not based on agronomic practices?

Both eradication and exclusion (D) Signup and view all the answers

When is a disease caused by Erysiphe necator visible on the plant?

On the lower leaf page (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of heat treatments for pathogen eradication?

Steam and hot water (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of a virus genome?

Multipartite (located in more than one piece of nucleic acid) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What causes oil spots?

Plasmopara viticola (A) Signup and view all the answers

Is a logo for organic farming available?

Yes, delivered in 1991 and changed in 2010 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an explanatory predictive model also called?

Mechanistic (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the principles of IPM?

Prevention and suppression, monitoring and decision making (D) Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does food acquirement take place?

During inoculation (contact and colonization) (B) Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the final regulation for organic farming in the EU settled?

2007 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is common between monocyclic and polycyclic diseases?

Disease progress in time (C) Signup and view all the answers

Fungal spores can be disseminated by which of the following?

Both wind and rain (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can invade the xylem?

Viruses and phytoplasma (A) Signup and view all the answers

Berry cracks are observed after grape infection by which of the following?

Botrytis fuckeliana (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of disease?

Structure of products of a pathogen visible in diseased plants (B) Signup and view all the answers

When does the infectious period start?

Pathogen penetrates the host (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a virus genome?

Multipartite (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Plant Disease and Pathogens

Viruses reproduce asexually.
Aflatoxins are supposed to decrease in Europe.
Fusarium head blight of wheat is caused by a complex of fusaria, specifically Fusarium graminearum.
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is produced by Aspergillus ochraceous.
Predictive models can determine the probability, scale, timing, and performance of an event.
Symptoms appear during incubation.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) includes environmental quality and the number of applications for chemicals.
A polycyclic pathogen has many cycles.
Infectious period ends when there is no more availability of secondary inoculum.
Aspergillus ochraceous produces Ochratoxin A (OTA).

Pathogens and Disease

A biotic pathogen is infectious and transmissible.
Plant disease is a harmful deviation from natural functioning of physiological processes.
Prevalence of disease symptoms refers to a field or a geographic area.
Penicillium Verruacosum produces Ochratoxin (Ochratoxin A).
Mycotoxins are rated mainly in chronic risk.
Mycotoxins can be found in vegetal and animal products.
Posteriori analysis is used in empiric models.
Priori analysis is used in mechanistic models.
Viruses invade tissue intercellularly.

Disease Management and Control

A monocyclic disease has one cycle of the pathogen for each cycle of the host crop.
Calendar control disease is based on a fixed number of sprays per crop.
Eradication is not based on agronomic practices.
An explanatory predictive model can be called mechanistic.
The principles of IPM include prevention, suppression, monitoring, and decision making.
IPM stands for Integrated Pest Management.
Yield loss due to pathogen is the highest in wheat.

Plant Disease Impact and Diagnosis

Plant disease can impact on plant product quality and quantity.
Signs are visible on the lower leaf page when the disease is caused by Eryphise necator.
Parasites derive their food from a living organism.
Food safety and food security are related.
Heat treatments applied for pathogen eradication are based on steam and hot water.

Organic Farming and Pathogen Dissemination

Final regulation for organic farming in EU was settled in 2007.
Fungal spores can be disseminated by wind and rain.
Xylem can be invaded by fungi and bacteria.
Bacteria reproduce asexually.
Virus genome can be multipartite.
Berry cracks are observed after grape infection by Botrytis fuckeliana.
Signs are structures of products of a pathogen usually visible in diseased plants.
Infectious period starts when the pathogen penetrates the host.

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Description

Test your knowledge on plant diseases, toxins, and viruses. Questions cover topics such as reproduction, aflatopins, and fusarium head blight.