Plant Pathology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

How do viruses reproduce?

  • Both asexually and sexually
  • Sexually
  • Neither asexually nor sexually
  • Asexually (correct)

    • What is the expected trend of aflatoxins in Europe?

  • Stay at the same level
  • Increase
  • Fluctuate randomly
  • Decrease (correct)

    • What is the primary objective of predictive models in plant disease management?

  • To determine the probability of an event
  • To determine the performance of a pesticide
  • To determine the timing of an event (correct)
  • To determine the scale of an event

    • When do symptoms of plant disease typically appear?

    <p>During incubation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?

    <p>Environmental quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pathogen causes mold?

    <p>Fungus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a biotic pathogen?

    <p>Infectious and transmissible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a primary function of pheromones in insects?

    <p>Food detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a polycyclic pathogen?

    <p>It has many cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of mycotoxin produced by Penicillium Verruacosum?

    <p>Ochratoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the infectious period end?

    <p>When no more spores and bacteria cells are available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of product can be contaminated with mycotoxins?

    <p>Vegetal and animal product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of models is used in posteriori analysis?

    <p>Empiric models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of extreme events of climate change on CO2 levels?

    <p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do viruses invade tissue?

    <p>Intercellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceous?

    <p>Ochratoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be impacted by plant disease?

    <p>Plant product quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which crop is yield loss due to pathogen highest?

    <p>Different crops depending on the growing area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of parasites?

    <p>Derive its food from a living organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are food safety and food security related?

    <p>Yes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a monocyclic disease?

    <p>For each cycle of host crop, we have a cycle of the pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is calendar control disease based on?

    <p>A scheduled number of sprays based on the active ingredient distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of monogenic plant resistance?

    <p>Pathogens are unable to bypass the resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not based on agronomic practices?

    <p>Both eradication and exclusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is a disease caused by Erysiphe necator visible on the plant?

    <p>On the lower leaf page</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of heat treatments for pathogen eradication?

    <p>Steam and hot water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of a virus genome?

    <p>Multipartite (located in more than one piece of nucleic acid)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes oil spots?

    <p>Plasmopara viticola</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is a logo for organic farming available?

    <p>Yes, delivered in 1991 and changed in 2010</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an explanatory predictive model also called?

    <p>Mechanistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the principles of IPM?

    <p>Prevention and suppression, monitoring and decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage does food acquirement take place?

    <p>During inoculation (contact and colonization)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was the final regulation for organic farming in the EU settled?

    <p>2007</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is common between monocyclic and polycyclic diseases?

    <p>Disease progress in time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungal spores can be disseminated by which of the following?

    <p>Both wind and rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can invade the xylem?

    <p>Viruses and phytoplasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Berry cracks are observed after grape infection by which of the following?

    <p>Botrytis fuckeliana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of disease?

    <p>Structure of products of a pathogen visible in diseased plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the infectious period start?

    <p>Pathogen penetrates the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a virus genome?

    <p>Multipartite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plant Disease and Pathogens

    • Viruses reproduce asexually.
    • Aflatoxins are supposed to decrease in Europe.
    • Fusarium head blight of wheat is caused by a complex of fusaria, specifically Fusarium graminearum.
    • Ochratoxin A (OTA) is produced by Aspergillus ochraceous.
    • Predictive models can determine the probability, scale, timing, and performance of an event.
    • Symptoms appear during incubation.
    • Integrated Pest Management (IPM) includes environmental quality and the number of applications for chemicals.
    • A polycyclic pathogen has many cycles.
    • Infectious period ends when there is no more availability of secondary inoculum.
    • Aspergillus ochraceous produces Ochratoxin A (OTA).

    Pathogens and Disease

    • A biotic pathogen is infectious and transmissible.
    • Plant disease is a harmful deviation from natural functioning of physiological processes.
    • Prevalence of disease symptoms refers to a field or a geographic area.
    • Penicillium Verruacosum produces Ochratoxin (Ochratoxin A).
    • Mycotoxins are rated mainly in chronic risk.
    • Mycotoxins can be found in vegetal and animal products.
    • Posteriori analysis is used in empiric models.
    • Priori analysis is used in mechanistic models.
    • Viruses invade tissue intercellularly.

    Disease Management and Control

    • A monocyclic disease has one cycle of the pathogen for each cycle of the host crop.
    • Calendar control disease is based on a fixed number of sprays per crop.
    • Eradication is not based on agronomic practices.
    • An explanatory predictive model can be called mechanistic.
    • The principles of IPM include prevention, suppression, monitoring, and decision making.
    • IPM stands for Integrated Pest Management.
    • Yield loss due to pathogen is the highest in wheat.

    Plant Disease Impact and Diagnosis

    • Plant disease can impact on plant product quality and quantity.
    • Signs are visible on the lower leaf page when the disease is caused by Eryphise necator.
    • Parasites derive their food from a living organism.
    • Food safety and food security are related.
    • Heat treatments applied for pathogen eradication are based on steam and hot water.

    Organic Farming and Pathogen Dissemination

    • Final regulation for organic farming in EU was settled in 2007.
    • Fungal spores can be disseminated by wind and rain.
    • Xylem can be invaded by fungi and bacteria.
    • Bacteria reproduce asexually.
    • Virus genome can be multipartite.
    • Berry cracks are observed after grape infection by Botrytis fuckeliana.
    • Signs are structures of products of a pathogen usually visible in diseased plants.
    • Infectious period starts when the pathogen penetrates the host.

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    Plant Diseases PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on plant diseases, toxins, and viruses. Questions cover topics such as reproduction, aflatopins, and fusarium head blight.

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