40 Questions
How do viruses reproduce?
Asexually
What is the expected trend of aflatoxins in Europe?
Decrease
What is the primary objective of predictive models in plant disease management?
To determine the timing of an event
When do symptoms of plant disease typically appear?
During incubation
What is a key component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?
Environmental quality
What type of pathogen causes mold?
Fungus
What is a biotic pathogen?
Infectious and transmissible
What is not a primary function of pheromones in insects?
Food detection
What is the characteristic of a polycyclic pathogen?
It has many cycles
What is the type of mycotoxin produced by Penicillium Verruacosum?
Ochratoxin
When does the infectious period end?
When no more spores and bacteria cells are available
What type of product can be contaminated with mycotoxins?
Vegetal and animal product
Which type of models is used in posteriori analysis?
Empiric models
What is the effect of extreme events of climate change on CO2 levels?
Increase
How do viruses invade tissue?
Intercellular
What is the type of mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceous?
Ochratoxin
What can be impacted by plant disease?
Plant product quality
In which crop is yield loss due to pathogen highest?
Different crops depending on the growing area
What is a characteristic of parasites?
Derive its food from a living organism
Are food safety and food security related?
Yes
What is the characteristic of a monocyclic disease?
For each cycle of host crop, we have a cycle of the pathogen
What is calendar control disease based on?
A scheduled number of sprays based on the active ingredient distribution
What is an advantage of monogenic plant resistance?
Pathogens are unable to bypass the resistance
Which of the following is not based on agronomic practices?
Both eradication and exclusion
When is a disease caused by Erysiphe necator visible on the plant?
On the lower leaf page
What is the basis of heat treatments for pathogen eradication?
Steam and hot water
What is the structure of a virus genome?
Multipartite (located in more than one piece of nucleic acid)
What causes oil spots?
Plasmopara viticola
Is a logo for organic farming available?
Yes, delivered in 1991 and changed in 2010
What is an explanatory predictive model also called?
Mechanistic
What are the principles of IPM?
Prevention and suppression, monitoring and decision making
During which stage does food acquirement take place?
During inoculation (contact and colonization)
In what year was the final regulation for organic farming in the EU settled?
2007
What is common between monocyclic and polycyclic diseases?
Disease progress in time
Fungal spores can be disseminated by which of the following?
Both wind and rain
Which of the following can invade the xylem?
Viruses and phytoplasma
Berry cracks are observed after grape infection by which of the following?
Botrytis fuckeliana
What is a sign of disease?
Structure of products of a pathogen visible in diseased plants
When does the infectious period start?
Pathogen penetrates the host
What is the characteristic of a virus genome?
Multipartite
Study Notes
Plant Disease and Pathogens
- Viruses reproduce asexually.
- Aflatoxins are supposed to decrease in Europe.
- Fusarium head blight of wheat is caused by a complex of fusaria, specifically Fusarium graminearum.
- Ochratoxin A (OTA) is produced by Aspergillus ochraceous.
- Predictive models can determine the probability, scale, timing, and performance of an event.
- Symptoms appear during incubation.
- Integrated Pest Management (IPM) includes environmental quality and the number of applications for chemicals.
- A polycyclic pathogen has many cycles.
- Infectious period ends when there is no more availability of secondary inoculum.
- Aspergillus ochraceous produces Ochratoxin A (OTA).
Pathogens and Disease
- A biotic pathogen is infectious and transmissible.
- Plant disease is a harmful deviation from natural functioning of physiological processes.
- Prevalence of disease symptoms refers to a field or a geographic area.
- Penicillium Verruacosum produces Ochratoxin (Ochratoxin A).
- Mycotoxins are rated mainly in chronic risk.
- Mycotoxins can be found in vegetal and animal products.
- Posteriori analysis is used in empiric models.
- Priori analysis is used in mechanistic models.
- Viruses invade tissue intercellularly.
Disease Management and Control
- A monocyclic disease has one cycle of the pathogen for each cycle of the host crop.
- Calendar control disease is based on a fixed number of sprays per crop.
- Eradication is not based on agronomic practices.
- An explanatory predictive model can be called mechanistic.
- The principles of IPM include prevention, suppression, monitoring, and decision making.
- IPM stands for Integrated Pest Management.
- Yield loss due to pathogen is the highest in wheat.
Plant Disease Impact and Diagnosis
- Plant disease can impact on plant product quality and quantity.
- Signs are visible on the lower leaf page when the disease is caused by Eryphise necator.
- Parasites derive their food from a living organism.
- Food safety and food security are related.
- Heat treatments applied for pathogen eradication are based on steam and hot water.
Organic Farming and Pathogen Dissemination
- Final regulation for organic farming in EU was settled in 2007.
- Fungal spores can be disseminated by wind and rain.
- Xylem can be invaded by fungi and bacteria.
- Bacteria reproduce asexually.
- Virus genome can be multipartite.
- Berry cracks are observed after grape infection by Botrytis fuckeliana.
- Signs are structures of products of a pathogen usually visible in diseased plants.
- Infectious period starts when the pathogen penetrates the host.
Test your knowledge on plant diseases, toxins, and viruses. Questions cover topics such as reproduction, aflatopins, and fusarium head blight.
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