Plant Biology PDF Quiz Questions

Let’s test Ourselves! 1. What is the primary function of roots in a plant? a. Photosynthesis b. Reproduction c. Support and anchorage d. Transport of food 2. Which plant hormone is responsible for promoting cell division and growth? a. Auxin b. Cytokinin c. Gibberellin d. Abscisic acid Let’s test...

Let’s test Ourselves! 1. What is the primary function of roots in a plant? a. Photosynthesis b. Reproduction c. Support and anchorage d. Transport of food 2. Which plant hormone is responsible for promoting cell division and growth? a. Auxin b. Cytokinin c. Gibberellin d. Abscisic acid Let’s test Ourselves! 3. The process by which water is transported upward from the roots to the leaves is called: a. Transpiration b. Translocation c. Diffusion d. Osmosis 4. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are examples of: a. Macronutrients b. Micronutrients c. Organic compounds d. Growth regulators Let’s test Ourselves! 5. The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy is called: a. Respiration b. Photosynthesis c. Transpiration d. Fertilization 6. The male reproductive structure of a flower is called the: a. Pistil b. Stamen c. Ovary d. Ovule Let’s test Ourselves! 7. Seed dispersal is important for: a. Protecting the seed from predators b. Preventing competition with the parent plant c. Ensuring genetic diversity d. All of the above 8. The hormone responsible for initiating and maintaining dormancy in plants is: a. Auxin b. Cytokinin c. Gibberellin d. Abscisic acid Let’s test Ourselves! 9. The process by which plants respond to changes in day length is called: a. Phototropism b. Gravitropism c. Photoperiodism d. Thigmotropism 10. Which of the following is NOT a type of plant tissue? a. Meristematic tissue b. Vascular tissue c. Epidermal tissue d. Nervous tissue Plants and their Systems  ever planted something? Have you What did you do to make it grow? Today we will... Describe plant systems in terms of reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange and transport. Describe examples of homeostasis and the major features of feedback loops that the produce such homeostasis Explain how organisms maintain steady internal conditions from specialized structures and process.  hat are th e m a in pa rt s W or organ s o f a p la nt ? Leaves Flowers Fruits Stems Roots REMEMBER! Similar cells working together form tissues Tissues work together to form organs  Why is it Important? Ecology Oxygen production: Plants release oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis, a process vital for human and animal respiration. Carbon dioxide absorption: Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, helping to regulate climate and mitigate the effects of global warming. Soil erosion prevention: Plant roots hold soil in place, preventing erosion and preserving fertile land. Why is it Important? Habitat and biodiversity: Forests, grasslands, and other plant-dominated ecosystems provide homes for countless species, supporting biodiversity. Water cycle regulation: Plants play a crucial role in the water cycle through transpiration, which helps regulate rainfall and maintain water balance  Why is it Important? Economic Food production: Plants are the primary food source for humans and livestock, providing essential nutrients and energy. Raw materials: Plants provide a vast array of raw materials for various industries, including wood for construction, fibers for textiles, and oils for fuels and chemicals. Medicines: Many drugs are derived from plants, both traditional and modern medicine rely on plant-based compounds. Why is it Important? Biofuels: Plants can be converted into biofuels, a renewable energy source. Economic growth: Agriculture, forestry, and horticulture contribute significantly to global economies, providing jobs and income  Why is it Important? Medicine Traditional medicine: Many cultures have relied on plants for healing for centuries. Traditional medicine continues to be a valuable source of knowledge about plant-based remedies. Modern medicine: A significant portion of modern pharmaceuticals is derived from or inspired by plants. Aspirin, for example, originates from willow bark. Drug discovery: Plants contain a vast array of chemical compounds with potential medicinal properties, making them a rich source for drug discovery.  Activity: Plant Party! 1. Fill each flowering pot with soil (2 pots; loam soil, 1 pot; clay soil) 3/4 full (make sure each have equal amount of soil) 2. Place 1 pot with the loam soil and the pot with clay outside where they can get enough sunlight and place the other pot with loam soil where sunlight is limited. 3. Add equal amount of water to each pot and leave the cans for 2 weeks but make sure to check and tend them all equally every 2 days. 4. Remove the plants from their pot and remove the soil on their roots and place them in a drying oven for 24 - 48 hours (amendable) 5. Collect all the dried plants and measure their masses. Put your answers in the worksheet provided.  e two main systems. Plants hav R __ __ __ system S __ __ __ __ system Can anyone guess what these systems are? Hint: these words rhyme!  Shoot system the aerial part of the plant, which grows or "shoots" upwards Root system composed of the organs that grow beneath and into the ground Root System: Major Functions Absorbing water and minerals Anchoring and supporting the plant Taproot Storing food Root Root cap Roots Grow Down The tip or root cap protects the roots as it goes down. It also helps the root sense gravity! New cells are continually replenished via the root meristem. Thicker roots absorb nutrients less but stores fluids and food better Tap root Characterized by a single, main root that grows vertically downward. Smaller lateral roots branch off from the main root. Common in dicotyledonous plants like carrots, dandelions, and oaks. Often functions as a food storage organ Fibrous root Composed of numerous thin, branching roots that spread out horizontally near the soil surface. No single dominant root. Common in monocotyledonous plants like grasses, wheat, and corn. Excellent for preventing soil erosion. Root Adaptations Plants have evolved various root adaptations to survive in different environments: Prop roots: Aerial roots that support tall plants in swampy or muddy conditions (e.g., corn, mangroves). Adventitious roots: Roots that arise from unusual locations, such as stems or leaves (e.g., ivy, orchid). Storage roots: Swollen roots that store food (e.g., carrots, beets, sweet potatoes). Pneumatophores: Aerial roots that help plants respire in oxygen-poor environments (e.g., mangroves). Haustoria: Roots specialized for parasitic plants to extract nutrients from host plants Root Rally! Each group will find 5 different plants. Then they will try to categorize each plant if they are the said roots Let’s test Ourselves! 1. Phototropism is the growth response of a plant to: A. Water B. Touch C. Gravity D. Light 2. Gravitropism is the growth response of a plant to: A. Water B. Touch C. Gravity D. Light Let’s test Ourselves! 3. Thigmotropism is the growth response of a plant to: A. Water B. Touch C. Gravity D. Light 4. Hydrotropism is the growth response of a plant to: A. Water B. Touch C. Gravity D. Light Let’s test Ourselves! 5. A plant's roots typically exhibit negative phototropism and positive gravitropism. This means they grow: A. Towards light and away from gravity. B. Away from light and towards gravity. C. Towards both light and gravity. D. Away from both light and gravity. 6. A plant's stem typically exhibits positive phototropism. This means it grows: A. Towards light. B. Away from light. C. Towards gravity. D. Away from gravity. Let’s test Ourselves! 7. Vines that coil around objects exhibit: A. Phototropism B. Gravitropism C. Thigmotropism D. Hydrotropism 8. Plant roots that grow towards a water source exhibit: A. Phototropism B. Gravitropism C. Thigmotropism D. Hydrotropism Let’s test Ourselves! 9. The growth response of a plant to a chemical stimulus is called: A. Chemotropism B. Phototropism C. Gravitropism D. Thigmotropism 10. Which of the following is NOT a type of tropism? A. Geotropism B. Phototropism C. Thigmotropism D. Heliotropism Root Rally! Each group will find 5 different plants. Then they will try to categorize each plant if they are the said roots Plant Tropism Tropisms are directional growth responses of plants to environmental stimuli. There are two kinds of tropism: Positive tropism and Negative tropism The Auxin is a growth hormone which is a major cause for this tropisms. Primary Tropisms Phototropism: Growth response towards or away from light. Gravitropism: Growth response in relation to gravity. Thigmotropism: Growth response in relation to touch or contact. Hydrotropism: Growth response in relation to water. Chemotropism: Growth response in relation to chemicals. Additional Tropisms Heliotropism: Daily movement of plant parts in response to sunlight. Nastias: Non-directional movements in response to stimuli, often rapid. Let’s test Ourselves! 9. The growth response of a plant to a chemical stimulus is called: A. Chemotropism B. Phototropism C. Gravitropism D. Thigmotropism 10. Which of the following is NOT a type of tropism? A. Geotropism B. Phototropism C. Thigmotropism D. Heliotropism  Flower Shoot System: Bud Leaf Major Functions Node Provides structure by holding it upright (stem) Transports fluids between throughout the whole plant (stem) Stem collect sunlight and make food by photosynthesis (leaves) Shoot System Grows Upward It "shoots" up towards the sunlight, which allows the system to facilitate photosynthesis in the leaves. The absorption of oxygen and sunlight happens here. Types of Stems Based on Specializations Cladodes: These are flattened stems that resemble leaves. Examples include asparagus and prickly pear cactus. Phylloclades: These are flattened stems that perform the functions of leaves. Examples include butcher's broom and jojoba. Types of Stems Based on Growth Habit Erect stems: These grow straight upward. Examples include trees, shrubs, and most herbs. Climbing stems: These grow upward by clinging to supports. Examples include vines and tendrils. Prostrate stems: These grow along the ground. Examples include creeping jenny and strawberry plants. Stolons: These are horizontal stems that produce new plants at the nodes. Examples include strawberries and spider plants. Rhizomes: These are underground stems that store food and produce new plants. Examples include ginger and iris. Tubers: These are swollen, underground stems that store food. Examples include potatoes and yams. Corms: These are solid, underground stems that are covered in a protective layer. Examples include crocus and gladiolus. Types of Stems Based on Structure and Function Herbaceous stems: These are soft, green, and non-woody stems. They are typically found in annual and perennial plants. Examples include grass, tomato, and sunflower stems. Woody stems: These are hard, tough, and often long-lived stems. They are characteristic of trees and shrubs. Examples include oak, pine, and rose stems. Succulent stems: These are fleshy stems that store water. They are common in plants adapted to arid environments. Examples include cacti and succulents. Types of Stems Based on Growth Habit Erect stems: These grow straight upward. Examples include trees, shrubs, and most herbs. Climbing stems: These grow upward by clinging to supports. Examples include vines and tendrils. Prostrate stems: These grow along the ground. Examples include creeping jenny and strawberry plants. Stolons: These are horizontal stems that produce new plants at the nodes. Examples include strawberries and spider plants. Rhizomes: These are underground stems that store food and produce new plants. Examples include ginger and iris. Tubers: These are swollen, underground stems that store food. Examples include potatoes and yams. Corms: These are solid, underground stems that are covered in a protective layer. Examples include crocus and gladiolus.  Types of Stems Based on Growth Habit Climbing stems Erect stems Tubers Rhizomes Prostrate stems Stolons Corms  Plant Growth and Development Turgidity is the state of a cell being swollen and full of fluid. It's a result of the cell taking in water and storing it in its vacuole. This causes the cell to swell and become firm. Cell wall: The cell wall plays a crucial role in maintaining turgidity. It provides a rigid structure that prevents the cell from bursting. Osmosis: Turgidity is primarily driven by osmosis, the movement of water across a semi- permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Turgor pressure: The pressure exerted by the cell contents against the cell wall is called turgor pressure. It helps to maintain the structure and rigidity of plant tissues. Turgidity of a Plant  Plant Growth and Development Examples of turgidity: Plant cells: Plants rely on turgidity to maintain their structure and support. For instance, the rigidity of a plant's leaves is largely due to the turgidity of its cells. Stomata: The tiny pores on the underside of leaves called stomata open and close due to changes in turgor pressure. Importance of turgidity: Plant growth and development: Turgidity is essential for plant growth and development. It helps to support plant structures, maintain leaf turgor, and regulate stomatal opening and closing. Plant water balance: Turgidity plays a vital role in maintaining plant water balance. It helps to prevent excessive water loss and ensure that the plant has enough water for its metabolic processes.  Transport System in Plants Plants have two main transport systems: 1. Xylem: This system transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. Xylem cells are dead at maturity, forming long, hollow tubes that allow water and minerals to move through them. 2. Phloem: This system transports sugars produced by photosynthesis from the leaves to other parts of the plant, such as the roots and storage organs. Phloem cells are living and contain cytoplasm that aids in the transport of materials.  Transport System in Plants Both of these conducting tubes run across the plant structure. However, the arrangement of vascular bundle varies depending on whether it is the stem, leaf, or root or if the plant is classified as monocot or dicot  Monocot vs Dicot Monocots and dicots are two major groups of flowering plants (angiosperms) that are distinguished by their seed structure, number of petals, and leaf venation. The classification of flowering plants into monocots and dicots is based on the number of cotyledons present in their seeds. Monocots: These plants have a single cotyledon, which is a seed leaf that provides nourishment to the developing embryo. Dicots: These plants have two cotyledons, which serve the same purpose as in monocots. Monocot vs Dicot  Plant Nutrition When we talk about plant nutrition, we are referring to the supply and absorption of chemical compounds for the growth and metabolism of plants. These chemical compounds for growth are known as plant nutrients or essential elements. In order for higher plants to sustain their metabolic processes, inorganic nutrients are obtained from the environment via soil, air, and water. Classifying elements as essential for plant growth is based on visual diagnosis, plant analysis, biochemical tests, and soil test. At present, plant biologists are able to identify 17 elements as essential for plants,  Plant Hormones Plants need hormones to regulate their growth, development, and response to environmental cues. Hormones act as chemical messengers, coordinating various processes throughout the plant. Here are some of the key reasons why plants need hormones: Growth and development: Hormones control the rate and direction of plant growth, influencing factors like stem elongation, root development, leaf expansion, and flowering. Stress responses: Hormones help plants cope with environmental stresses such as drought, cold, salt, and pathogens. For example, abscisic acid (ABA) plays a crucial role in drought tolerance. Reproduction: Hormones regulate seed germination, flowering, fruit development, and seed dormancy. Nutrient uptake: Hormones can influence the absorption of nutrients from the soil, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Senescence: Hormones control the aging and death of plant cells and tissues. Plant Hormones  Other Plant Feedback Mechanisms Auxin Signaling: Auxin is a plant hormone that plays a crucial role in many plant processes, including growth, development, and phototropism. Auxin signaling pathways allow plants to respond to environmental cues and regulate their growth and development. Abscisic Acid (ABA) Signaling: ABA is another plant hormone that plays a key role in stress responses, including drought tolerance, seed dormancy, and stomatal closure. ABA signaling pathways allow plants to adapt to changing environmental conditions.  Other Plant Feedback Mechanisms Stomatal Regulation: Stomata are tiny pores on the underside of leaves that regulate gas exchange. Plants can adjust the opening and closing of stomata in response to changes in light, temperature, humidity, and CO2 levels. Root System Development: Plants can adjust the development of their root systems in response to environmental cues, such as nutrient availability and water availability. This allows them to optimize their resource acquisition. Secondary Metabolism: Plants can produce a variety of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics, in response to environmental stresses or herbivory. These secondary metabolites can help protect plants from herbivores, pathogens, and other threats. Resource Page Use these icons and illustrations in your Canva Presentation. Happy designing! Don't forget to delete this page before presenting. Try this background for online class. *Please delete this section before downloading.  B for blur C for confetti Press these D for a drumroll M for mic drop keys while on Present mode! 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