Plant Form & Function - Biology Lecture Notes 2023 PDF

Today Confocal microscope demo postponed to Monday Finish Plant Form & Function Start Animal Form & Function Biology Department Seminars Next Friday Quiz 1 See Quiz 1 on Canvas for details Wednesdays @ 4 pm BI 234 Lecture Outline Plant Form & Function Root Anatomy – sketch this Plant Form & F...

Today Confocal microscope demo postponed to Monday Finish Plant Form & Function Start Animal Form & Function Biology Department Seminars Next Friday Quiz 1 See Quiz 1 on Canvas for details Wednesdays @ 4 pm BI 234 Lecture Outline Plant Form & Function Root Anatomy – sketch this Plant Form & Function ✓ Gymnosperms; Angiosperms: eudicot; monocot ✓ Plant Body ✓ Surface area:volume relationships ✓ Systems: shoot; root ✓ Organs ✓ Phenotypic plasticity ✓ Review typical plant cell ✓ Tissue systems & cell types ✓ Tissue origin: embryogenesis ✓ Meristems • Anatomy: root, stem, leaf • Growth: primary, secondary • Indeterminate, determinate Fig. 34.18 How can you tell the difference from eudicot and monocot root? Plant Form & Function Plant Form & Function Root Anatomy Recall: Root Apical Meristem – sketch this Root Anatomy: Eudicot & Monocot ? Fig. 34.16 (b) 1 Plant Form & Function Plant Form & Function Root Anatomy: Eudicot & Monocot Root Anatomy: Eudicot & Monocot • Lateral roots originate from the pericycle Eudicot Monocot Drawing structures is a good way to learn. Which of the following is the correct sequence from the tip of a primary root back towards its base? A. Root cap; Zone of cellular elongation; Apical meristem; Zone of cellular division; Zone of cellular maturation B. Zone of cellular division; Apical meristem; Root cap; Zone of cellular elongation; Zone of cellular maturation C. Apical meristem; Zone of cellular elongation; Zone of cellular division; Root cap; Zone of cellular maturation D. Root cap; Apical meristem; Zone of cellular division; Zone of cellular elongation; Zone of cellular maturation Fig. 34.18 Plant Form & Function Plant meristems Stem & Leaf Anatomy • Recall: Apical meristems = 1° Growth A. offer structural support to reproductive organs. B. generate new cells for growth and control the developmental phases of plants. C. are only located at the young growing tips of branches. D. are the cells adjacent to the stomata. 2 Plant Form & Function Stem & Leaf Anatomy • Recall: Apical meristems = 1° Growth Plant Form & Function Stem Anatomy Eudicot & Monocot stem cross sections • Tissue systems? • Cell types? Fig. 34.19 Shoot apex of Coleus blumei Plant Form & Function Plant Form & Function Stem Anatomy Vascular Tissue: Eudicot Stem Anatomy Vascular Tissue: Monocot Plant Form & Function Stem Anatomy Stem Tissues On your own: • Tissue systems? • Cell types? • Pith? • Cortex? • Eudicot or monocot? You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section. What do you conclude about the plant? A. B. C. D. It is probably an herbaceous eudicot. It will probably get annual rings of wood. It is probably a monocot. It could be either a young eudicot or a monocot. 3 Plant Form & Function Plant Form & Function Leaf Anatomy Leaf Anatomy: Cross-section • Tissues systems? • Leaves are produced from apical meristems called vegetative meristems • Is leaf growth determinate or indeterminate? • Leaf anatomy is adapted for? • 3-D model of this in lab – root and stem too! • Primarily photosynthesis, and the exchange of O2 and CO2 with the environment, while limiting water losses. • Note the cells that have chloroplast and those that don’t • Do leaves typically have low or high SA:V ratios? Plant Form & Function Leaf Anatomy: Stomata Function? You examine leaf cross sections under a compound microscope and find many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are they? A. Parenchyma B. Endodermis C. Collenchyma D. Sclerenchyma Fig. 28.7 Plant Form & Function Primary & Secondary Growth Plant Form & Function Secondary Growth Recall lateral meristems • Function of primary growth (1°) ? • Birdhouse in Assign. #2 @ 8’ • after 5 yrs of 1’/yr in height? • Function of secondary growth (2°) ? 4 Plant Form & Function Plant Form & Function Secondary Growth Recall stem cross-section; vascular tissue Secondary Growth: Lateral Meristems • Secondary growth (wood and bark) arises from two lateral meristems in eudicots. • Vascular cambium: supplies cells of the secondary xylem (becomes wood) and secondary phloem • Cork cambium: produces waxy-walled protective cells; become part of the bark What about monocots? Plant Form & Function Plant Form & Function Secondary Growth: Vascular Cambium Secondary Growth Vascular & Cork Cambiums = lateral meristems • Vascular cambium starts as a single layer of cells between primary xylem and phloem • Division of these cells produces secondary phloem cells toward the outside, and secondary xylem cells toward the inside Origin of vascular cambium 1° - 2° - 2° - 1° phloem Fig. 34.21 xylem 1° - 2° - 2° - 1° Plant Form & Function Plant Form & Function Secondary Growth: Vascular Cambium Secondary Growth: Vascular Cambium 1° - 2° - 2° - 1° • A continuous cylinder of vascular cambium runs the length of the stem • Gives rise to complete cylinders • of secondary xylem (wood) and • of secondary phloem (part of bark) • Also produces vascular rays for lateral transport • parenchyma • xylem or phloem rays, named for their location 5 1° - 2° - 2° - 1° Fig. 34.20 Draw the development of 2° growth; where is 2° relative to 1° Plant Form & Function Plant Form & Function Secondary Growth Secondary Growth: Annual Rings Photo credit: Rod Waddington Early wood Late wood On Canvas Plant Growth Animations: Figs. 34.23 (a) & (c) 6 Plant Form & Function Plant Form & Function Secondary Growth: Lenticels Secondary Growth: Lenticels • Lenticels • spongy regions in cork tissue • allows gas exchange for underlying tissues paper birch (Betula papyrifera) What other features can you identify in these photos? Plant Form & Function Plant Form & Function Secondary Growth Monocot Primary Growth • Do Monocots have secondary growth? • Monocots have thickened stems but no vascular or cork cambiums. • Palms have a wide apical meristem that produces a wide stem. Dead leaf bases also contribute to the stem diameter. Plant Form & Function Stem Monocot Plant Form & Function Plant Growth Primary Growth On your own, can you answer these: • Does primary and secondary growth ever occur simultaneously? • Where does primary growth originate? • Where does secondary growth originate? • Are primary and secondary growth indeterminate or determinate growth? Root 7 Lecture Outline Plant Form & Function ✓ Gymnosperms; Angiosperms: eudicot; monocot ✓ Plant Body ✓ Surface area:volume relationships ✓ Systems: shoot; root ✓ Organs ✓ Phenotypic plasticity ✓ Review typical plant cell ✓ Tissue systems & cell types ✓ Tissue origin: embryogenesis ✓ Meristems ✓ Anatomy: root, stem, leaf ✓ Growth: primary, secondary ✓ Indeterminate, determinate Plant Form & Function ➢ I can sketch: a typical plant; examples of plant organs; tissue systems; and, cell types. I can label these on a drawing. ➢ What are the functions of each plant organ? ➢ How is surface area:volume related to organ function? ➢ I can give examples of modified plant organs. ➢ I can define, explain, and give examples of phenotypic plasticity. ➢ I can sketch the typical cross-sections of monocot and eudicot stems and roots; and, I can label the tissues found in each. ➢ I can identify cell and tissue types in root, stem, and leaf anatomy. ➢ I know the origin of primary meristems through plant embryogenesis. ➢ I know where apical primary meristems are located, the tissue systems that arise from them, and their functions. ➢ What is dermal tissue? I can list several specialized cells found in it. ➢ I can explain the difference between indeterminate and determinate growth. ➢ I know the cells that make up vascular tissue and their function. ➢ What are the three major types of cells found in ground tissue? What are their functions? ➢ What is the difference between primary and secondary growth? ➢ I know where the vascular cambium is located and its function. ➢ I can explain secondary growth. Multicellular Organisms Four Overarching Themes Multicellular organisms: ➢Create and maintain their structure. = Form & Function • Obtain and use nutrients and energy. • Balance water and solutes, and transport fluids and gases. • Sense and respond to the environment (internal and external). Create and Maintain Their Structure Form & Function Learning Objectives 1. Identify and describe cellular structures and processes that are unique to plants and animals. For example, how plants and animal cells communicate. 2. Identify and describe the major organs and organ systems that make up plant and animal bodies. 3. Describe the origins of the tissue systems; identify and describe the tissues that make up plant and animal organs, what cell types comprise the tissues, and the functions of these cells. 4. Explain surface area:volume relationships, phenotypic plasticity, determinate growth, indeterminate growth, and homeostasis. Big Picture pp. 838-839 Plants & Animals Tying them together: S.L. Buchman & G.P. Nabhan 8 Organism of the Day Common raven Corvus corax Very large bird, 22-27” long, feathers black with glossy purplish sheen. Long, thick beak. Long feathers covering nostrils and base of bill. Often solitary. Wedge shaped tail. Hawk like in flight: alternates flapping and sailing, gliding on flat wings. Voice: a croaking cr-r-ruck or prruk; also, a metallic tok. Range: widespread in N. America, Africa, and Eurasia. Habitat: boreal and mountain forests, coastal cliffs, tundra. A prominent protagonist in Coast Salish traditions. Radial or Bilaterally symmetry? Cephalized? Appendages? Lecture Outline Animal Form & Function • Recall: Phylogeny & What is an animal • Animal Body • • • • • Symmetry Body cavity structure • Structure origins/embryogenesis Segmentation External appendages Body support • Animal Anatomy • • • Cells Tissues Organs and organ systems • Animal Physiology • • Surface area:volume relationships Homeostasis • Thermoregulation • Countercurrent exchange Animal Form & Function Animal Form & Function Recall Phylogeny: Where are animals? Recall Phylogeny: Where are animals? Closest living relative of animals? First animals evolved ~ 500 mya First mammals ~200 mya For plants? Fig. 30.1 Animal Form & Function Animal Form & Function Recall phylogeny: What are animals? Recall: Evolutionary innovations From: Big Picture – Diversity of Life (Freeman et al.) Fig. 30.2 9 Animal Form & Function What is an Animal? • Characteristics that Distinguish Animals • Multicellular • Contrast with Bacteria, Archaea, and most protists • Heterotrophic metabolism • Contrast with plants • Internal digestion • Contrast with fungi • Movement READ With the Confocal Fluorescent Microscope demonstration in mind: • The following slides are for you to prereview so we can move to the Animal Anatomy Cells part of lecture on Monday PLEASE Review these slides – Thank you • Come with questions! • Contrast with plants and fungi • Muscle tissue unique; body plan specialized Animal Form & Function Animal Form & Function Animal Body Animal Body • Body plan • Symmetry • The general structure, arrangement of organ systems, and integrated functioning of parts • Key features (see phylogenies) • Symmetry • Body cavity structure • Radial symmetry • information from all sides • Bilateral symmetry + cephalization • information gathering organs concentrated at anterior end • Segmentation • External appendages • Structural Support Animal Form & Function Animal Body: Body Cavity Structure What is the main difference between a coelom and a pseudocoelom? • Structure of the internal body cavity influences the ways an animal can move: A. A coelom is enclosed by mesodermal tissues on the outside only; a pseudocoelom is enclosed by mesodermal tissues on the inside only. B. A coelom is not enclosed by mesodermal tissues; a pseudocoelom is completely surrounded by mesodermal tissues. C. A coelom is enclosed by mesodermal tissues on the inside and the outside; a pseudocoelom is surrounded by mesodermal tissues on the outside only. D. A coelom is enclosed by mesodermal tissues on the inside only; a pseudocoelom is a solid structure. • Acoelomates lack a fluid-filled body cavity (coelom) • Space between gut and body wall is filled with cells called mesenchyme • Movement is by cilia 10 Animal Form & Function Animal Form & Function Animal Body: Body Cavity Structure Animal Body: Body Cavity Structure • Pseodocoelomate body cavity is a pseudocoel, a fluidfilled space in which organs are suspended • Muscles are only on the outside • Movement is by muscle contraction • Coelomate body cavity is a coelom, that develops within the mesoderm • • • Lined with a layer of muscle tissue called peritoneum which also covers the organs Allows control over movements of fluids in the body cavity Movement is by muscle contraction Animal Form & Function Animal Form & Function Animal Body: Body Cavity Structure Origins Animal Body: Body Cavity Structure Origins • Body symmetry and cavity structure depends on animal type. • Differentiation of tissue types begins in the embryo • (remember gametes?) • Differentiation occurs early in development. • Most animal development consists of determinate growth. morula • What is determinate growth? • A growth pattern where growth of an organism or organ ceases when an adult state is reached; characteristic of most animals. Plants? • Compare with indeterminate growth. Review this again before Lab 3 Animal Form & Function Animal Form & Function Animal Body: Body Cavity Structure Origins • Differentiation of tissue types begins in the embryo • Example: frog blastula Animal Body: Body Cavity Structure Origins • Triploblastic animals have 3 Embryonic Tissues (aka Germ Layers): • Ectoderm – outermost layer. • Gives rise to nervous system and epidermal layer. • Mesoderm – middle layer. • Contributes tissues to many organs, muscle, and bone and other connective tissues. • Endoderm – innermost layer. See Fig. 47.18 How does this compare to plant embryogenesis tissue differentiation? • Gives rise to the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts, and several organs. How do embryonic tissues compare to primary meristems in plants? 11 Animal Form & Function Animal Form & Function Animal Body: Body Cavity Structure Origins Cell Potency*- ability to differentiate into other cell types Animal Body: Body Cavity Structure Origins Re-cap: • Totipotent – potential to develop into all cell types • Acoelomate: lack a fluid-filled body cavity. • Animals: only in zygote to morula stage (16 cell stage) • Plants: in all living, nucleated cells • Pluripotent – potential to develop into most other cell types • Cannot form new embryos. • Multipotent – can differentiate into several, related cell types • Unipotent – can produce only their own cell type Review this again before LAB 3! • Pseodocoelomate: body cavity is a pseudocoel, a fluidfilled space in which organs are suspended. • Coelomate: body cavity is a coelom, that develops within the mesoderm. • All have the 3 embryonic tissues (germ layers) that develop into distinct tissues, organs, and organ systems: • Endoderm • Mesoderm • Ectoderm Are animals that have 3 embryonic tissues diploblastic or triploblastic? What is the main difference between a coelom and a pseudocoelom? A. A coelom is enclosed by mesodermal tissues on the outside only; a pseudocoelom is enclosed by mesodermal tissues on the inside only. B. A coelom is not enclosed by mesodermal tissues; a pseudocoelom is completely surrounded by mesodermal tissues. C. A coelom is enclosed by mesodermal tissues on the inside and the outside; a pseudocoelom is surrounded by mesodermal tissues on the outside only. D. A coelom is enclosed by mesodermal tissues on the inside only; a pseudocoelom is a solid structure. Animal Form & Function Animal Form & Function Animal Body: Segmentation • Segmentation facilitates specialization of body regions. Animal Body: Appendages marine fireworm • Locomotion is important. • Why? • Limbs are specialized for rapid, controlled movements • Allows animal to alter body shape and control movements precisely. • Arthropods and vertebrates have jointed limbs • Internal or external, e.g., segmented vertebrae in vertebrates. scorpion 12 Animal Form & Function Animal Body: Appendages Other uses: • antennae for sensing the environment • claws and mouth parts for capturing prey or chewing food • reproduction, such as sperm transfer or egg incubation Animal Form & Function Animal Body: Support • Three types of skeletons: • Hydrostatic skeleton • Endoskeleton • Exoskeleton Fig. 45.9 Lecture Outline Animal Form & Function ✓ Recall: Phylogeny & What is an animal ✓ Animal Body ✓ Symmetry ✓ Body cavity structure ✓ Structure origins/embryogenesis ✓ Segmentation ✓ External appendages ✓ Body support • Animal Anatomy • • • Cells Tissues Organs and organ systems • Animal Physiology • • Surface area:volume relationships Homeostasis • Thermoregulation • Countercurrent exchange 13