Physiology of Pregnancy - 2.1 PDF

**[Physiology of Pregnancy - 2.1]** Trophoblast implants into endometrium causing production of hormones Lasts 40 weeks (last menstrual period → delivery) **Physiological systems change:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Organ system changes:** - - -...

**[Physiology of Pregnancy - 2.1]** Trophoblast implants into endometrium causing production of hormones Lasts 40 weeks (last menstrual period → delivery) **Physiological systems change:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Organ system changes:** - - - - - - - **Urinary system** Polyuria - - - **Cardiovascular system** Haematological - blood vol - - - - -  Haematological - blood pressure - - -  **Respiratory system** - - Diaphragm moves upwards 4-5cm decreasing functional residual capacity  **Integumentary system** - - - - - **Musculoskeletal system** - -  **Immune system** - -  **Hormones** hCG = human chorionic gonadotropin Peak hCG 7-12 weeks - stimulates corpus luteum hCG decreases as corpus luteum degenerates and placenta takes over as endocrine organ and releases oestrogen and progesterone  **Placental hormones** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Placental | **Hormone** | **Function** | | hormones** | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | | **hCG** | Prolongs corpus | | | | luteum which produces | | | | oestrogen and | | | | progesterone | | | | | | | | Detected in pregnancy | | | | tests | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Progesterone** | Prevention of | | | | contraction, immunity | | | | | | | | Establishes placenta | | | | | | | | Stim bv to supply | | | | womb | | | | | | | | Strengthens pelvic | | | | floor m | | | | | | | | Inhibits lactation | | | | during pregnancy | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Oestrogen** | Growth of tissues, | | | | gap junctions, | | | | promotes contraction | | | | | | | | Maintains lining of | | | | uterus | | | | | | | | Breast growth and | | | | duct dev | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Relaxins** | Secreted by corpus | | | | luteum and then | | | | placenta | | | | | | | | Causes relaxation of | | | | cervix | | | | | | | | Relaxes bv so more bf | | | | to kidneys and | | | | placenta and relaxes | | | | pelvis and softens | | | | and lengths cervix | | | | during birth | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Human placental | Acts as an | | | lactogen/somatomammot | anti-insulin | | | ropin** | | | | | Increases amount of | | | | circulating glucose | | | | for foetus | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Corticotrophin-rele | Allows foetus to | | | asing | produce cortisol | | | hormone** | which stimulates type | | | | 2 pneumocytes to | | | | produce surfactant, | | | | reading foetal lungs | | | | for breath | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Oxytocin** | Contractions in | | | | labour, let down | | | | reflex | | | | | | | | Stim contraction of | | | | uterine m | | | | | | | | Stim release of | | | | prostaglandins which | | | | increase contractions | | | | further | | | | | | | | Can be used to induce | | | | labour | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Other** | **Pituitary gland | Ant pit gland | | | -oxytocin** | enlarges and | | | | increases hormone | | | | production leading to | | | | raised | | | | | | | | - - - | | | | | | | | Increased appetite | | | | and hot flushes | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Prolactin** | Main hormone to stims | | | | mammary gland | | | | enlargement | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **ACTH** | Stims maternal | | | | cortisol sec | | | | contributing to | | | | foetal protein | | | | synthesis | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **Oestrogen** - - - - **First trimester** - - - - - - - - - - -  **Second trimester** - - - - - - - **Third trimester** - - - - - - -  **Pregnancy complications** **Pre-eclampsia** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Labour** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. **Lactation** - -  **Changes in oral cavity** - - - - - - - - - Inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-8, PGE2) found in amniotic fluid of women with periodontal disease Oral soft tissues - - Salivary glands - - - - -