Physiological of  Pregnancy - 2.1
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Questions and Answers

What role does ACTH play during pregnancy?

  • Increases appetite and causes hot flushes
  • Regulates blood pressure in the mother
  • Stimulates maternal cortisol secretion (correct)
  • Stimulates mammary gland enlargement
  • Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating mammary gland enlargement?

  • Estrogen
  • Oxytocin
  • Prolactin (correct)
  • Progesterone
  • During which trimester is the increase in appetite and hot flushes most commonly associated?

  • Third trimester
  • Second trimester
  • First trimester (correct)
  • All trimesters equally
  • What is a significant complication associated with pregnancy?

    <p>Pre-eclampsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is involved in fetal protein synthesis during pregnancy?

    <p>ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of oestrogen during pregnancy?

    <p>Maintains the lining of the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for causing relaxation of the cervix during childbirth?

    <p>Relaxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does human placental lactogen affect the body during pregnancy?

    <p>Acts as an anti-insulin hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of relaxins on blood flow during pregnancy?

    <p>Increases blood flow to kidneys and placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about oestrogen is false?

    <p>It inhibits breast growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone's primary function involves strengthening the pelvic floor?

    <p>Oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During pregnancy, oestrogen primarily contributes to which physiological change?

    <p>Maintenance of uterine lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a secondary effect of relaxins beyond relaxing the cervix?

    <p>Softening the pelvic structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during the early stages of pregnancy?

    <p>It prolongs the life of the corpus luteum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which change occurs in the respiratory system during pregnancy?

    <p>Diaphragm moves upwards 4-5cm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to blood volume and pressure during pregnancy?

    <p>Blood volume increases while blood pressure decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of progesterone during pregnancy?

    <p>Facilitates the establishment of the placenta.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point does hCG peak during the course of a pregnancy?

    <p>7-12 weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily allows the establishment of the placenta and prevents contractions?

    <p>Progesterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change is associated with the urinary system during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased glomerular filtration rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about placental hormones is correct?

    <p>hCG is detectable in pregnancy tests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of corticotrophin-releasing hormone in the fetus?

    <p>Stimulates the production of cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during labor?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does oxytocin affect the secretion of prostaglandins?

    <p>It directly stimulates their synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs regarding glucose during pregnancy?

    <p>It increases to provide energy to the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the pituitary gland during pregnancy?

    <p>It undergoes enlargement and enhances hormone release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does cortisol play in fetal development?

    <p>It prepares the fetus for metabolic activity post-birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about oxytocin is incorrect?

    <p>Oxytocin has no role in milk ejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the increased production of surfactant in the fetus?

    <p>It prepares the lungs for efficient gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pregnancy

    • Pregnancy begins when the trophoblast implants into the endometrium, stimulating the production of hormones.
    • It lasts approximately 40 weeks, calculated from the last menstrual period to delivery.

    Physiological Changes During Pregnancy

    • Organ Systems
      • Urinary System
        • Polyuria (increased urine production) occurs due to increased blood volume and pressure on the bladder.
        • This may cause urinary frequency and urgency
      • Cardiovascular System
        • Haematological changes include increased blood volume to support the growing fetus and placenta.
        • The blood volume increases by approximately 45% to 50%, reaching a peak at 32-34 weeks.
        • Maternal heart rate increases by about 10-15 beats per minute.
        • Blood pressure initially drops slightly, but then gradually increases to pre-pregnancy levels.
        • It's essential to monitor blood pressure for potential pre-eclampsia.
      • Respiratory System
        • Tidal volume and minute ventilation increase, but functional residual capacity decreases as the diaphragm moves upwards.
        • This is due to the growing uterus pushing on the diaphragm.
      • Integumentary System
        • Increase in pigmentation, particularly around the areola, linea alba, and face (chloasma).
        • Spider angiomas (small, star-shaped blood vessels) may appear on the chest, face, and neck.
        • Striae gravidarum (stretch marks) are common, especially on the abdomen, breasts, and thighs.
        • Hair growth may increase.
      • Musculoskeletal System
        • Relaxin, a hormone produced during pregnancy, loosens ligaments and joints, preparing the pelvis for childbirth.
        • This can lead to changes in posture and stability.
      • Immune System
        • The immune system suppresses itself to a degree to accommodate the fetus, which is essentially a foreign entity, leading to a heightened risk of infections.

    Maternal Hormones

    • Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

      • Peaks at 7-12 weeks of gestation.
      • Stimulates the corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone, essential for maintaining pregnancy.
      • It decreases as the placenta takes over hormone production.
    • Placental Hormones

      • hCG - Maintains the corpus luteum, which produces estrogen and progesterone. - Detected in pregnancy tests.
      • Progesterone - Prevents contractions, supports immunity and establishment of the placenta. - Stimulates blood volume to supply the uterus and placenta, strengthens the pelvic floor muscles. - Inhibits lactation during pregnancy. - Estrogen - Contributes to the growth of tissues, formation of gap junctions, and promotes contractions. - Maintains the lining of the uterus, supports breast growth and duct development.
      • Relaxin - Secreted by the corpus luteum and then the placenta. - Causes relaxation of the cervix, relaxes blood vessels for increased blood flow to the kidneys and placenta. - Relaxes the pelvis, softens and lengthens the cervix during childbirth.
      • Human Placental Lactogen (hPL) - Acts as an anti-insulin. - Increases the amount of circulating glucose for the fetus.
      • Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) - Allows the fetus to produce cortisol, which stimulates type 2 pneumocytes to produce surfactant, preparing the fetal lungs for breathing.
      • Oxytocin - Causes contractions in labor and the "let-down" reflex, releasing milk. - Stimulates uterine muscle contractions. - Stimulates the release of prostaglandins, which further increase contractions. - Can be used to induce labor.
      • Other - Pituitary Gland - Oxytocin - The anterior pituitary gland enlarges and increases hormone production. - This leads to increased appetite and hot flushes.
      • Prolactin - The main hormone for stimulating mammary gland enlargement.
      • ACTH - Stimulates maternal cortisol secretion, assisting in fetal protein synthesis.
    • Estrogen

      • It plays a crucial role in pregnancy, contributing to uterine growth, maintaining the lining, and stimulating breast development.
      • It peaks in the third trimester.

    Pregnancy Trimesters

    • First Trimester
      • Morning sickness: often characterized by nausea and vomiting.
      • Breast changes: Tenderness, enlargement, and darkening of the areolae.
      • Fatigue: Due to hormonal changes and increased metabolic demands.
      • Frequent urination: Pressure on the bladder due to a growing uterus.
      • Mood swings: Hormonal fluctuations can lead to emotional instability.
    • Second Trimester
      • Energy levels typically increase.
      • Fetal movement is felt.
      • Quickening: The first noticeable movements of the fetus.
      • Skin changes: Stretch marks, acne, and dark spots may appear.
      • Increased appetite: To meet the growing demands of the fetus.
    • Third Trimester
      • Labor: Increased Braxton Hicks contractions, cervical dilation, and effacement.
      • Fatigue: The uterus is pushing on internal organs, causing discomfort.
      • Shortness of breath: The expanding uterus puts pressure on the diaphragm.
      • Increase in vaginal discharge: The cervix prepares for childbirth.
      • Frequent urination: Pressure on the bladder, especially during labor.

    Pregnancy Complications

    • Pre-eclampsia
      • A serious condition characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine.
      • It can lead to complications like seizure, liver impairment, and kidney problems.
      • Typically occurs after the 20th week of pregnancy.
      • Symptoms include headaches, vision changes, swelling of the hands and face, and abdominal pain.
      • It is managed with medications, rest, and monitoring.
      • In severe cases, delivery may be necessary.

    Labor

    • Stage 1: Cervical dilation and effacement.
    • Stage 2: Pushing and delivery of the baby.
    • Stage 3: Delivery of the placenta.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the various physiological changes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy. It covers essential aspects such as changes in the urinary, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. Understanding these modifications is crucial for maternal and fetal health.

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