Physio 3 Learning Objectives PDF

Motor systems \*\*\* ==================== - Explain the inverse stretch reflex (autogenic inhibition) and its importance during muscle contraction - Describe the components of a reflex arc - Describe the pathway and somatotopic organisation of the corticospinal and corticobulbar / c...

Motor systems \*\*\* ==================== - Explain the inverse stretch reflex (autogenic inhibition) and its importance during muscle contraction - Describe the components of a reflex arc - Describe the pathway and somatotopic organisation of the corticospinal and corticobulbar / corticobrainstem tracts to reach their targets - Explain the function of corticospinal and corticobulbar / corticobrainstem tracts - Describe the components and functions of the extrapyramidal motor system - Describe the importance of sensory information in the control of movement - Outline the hierarchical levels of control of movement - Describe the motor impairments associated with an Upper Motor Neuron Lesion and Lower Motor Neuron Lesion. - Apply knowledge of the structure and function of the somatosensory and motor systems relevant to physiotherapy clinical practice Basal Ganglion and Diencephalon =============================== - Name the four structures that contribute to the diencephalon and briefly describe its function, giving focus to the role of the thalamus as a sensory relay and integrative centre - Apply knowledge of structure and function of the diencephalon to identify symptomatology associated with diencephalon pathology / lesions relevant to physiotherapy clinical practice - Describe the structure and function of the basal ganglia - Describe the afferent, internal and efferent connections of the basal ganglia (5 loops with focus on motor loops -- direct, indirect) - Explain the role of dopamine in the basal ganglia (substantia nigra) - Define the following terms:  hypokinesia, bradykinesia, dyskinesia, rigidity, athetosis, chorea - Apply knowledge of the structure and function of the basal ganglia to identify signs and symptoms associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, in particular Parkinson's Disease, relevant to physiotherapy clinical practice - Describe the three main functional groups of thalamic nuclei - Describe the input, output and function of the thalamic relay nuclei - Demonstrate an understanding of the terms: association; projection; and commissural fibres Identify the corpus callosum and describe its function - Describe the location of the internal capsule and the type of information carried in each limb - Apply knowledge of structure and function of the internal capsule to identify symptomatology associated with lesions relevant to physiotherapy clinical practice - Describe the structure and function of the basal ganglia - Describe the afferent, internal and efferent connections of the basal ganglia (5 loops with focus on motor loops) - Explain the basal ganglia influence on the motor thalamus, midbrain locomotor region and pedunculopontine nucleus and the effects on movement - Describe the Hyperdirect, Go, and No‐Go pathways that determine the basal ganglia effect on movement - Explain the role of dopamine in the basal ganglia (substantia nigra) - Define the following terms: hypokinesia, bradykinesia, dyskinesia, rigidity, athetosis, chorea - Apply knowledge of the structure and function of the basal ganglia to identify signs and symptoms associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, in particular Parkinson's Disease, relevant to physiotherapy clinical practice - Apply knowledge of the structure and function of the basal ganglia circuits - Identify signs and symptoms associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, in particular\ Parkinson's Disease, relevant to physiotherapy clinical practice Balance and Outcome Measures ============================ - Understand the sensory and motor contributions to postural control /balance - Describe what an outcome measure is and its purpose - Understand the reliability and validity of an outcome measure and what a minimal detectable change and minimal clinically important difference means in the clinical setting - Apply common Outcome Measures used in Neurological Physiotherapy to case studies. - Understand when to use particular outcome measures and what ceiling and floor effects apply to them Cerebellum ========== - List and describe the functional regions of the cerebellum - Describe the function of the cerebellum, including demonstrating an understanding of the role\ of the cerebellum in cognition, feed‐forward, feed‐back control of movement and motor\ learning/memory - Apply knowledge of the structure and function of the cerebellum to identify signs and\ symptoms associated with cerebellar dysfunction, relevant to physiotherapy clinical practice,\ including knowledge of conditions where cerebellar dysfunction may present. - Define the following terms: nystagmus, ataxia, dys‐synergia / asynergia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, intention tremor, dysarthria - Apply knowledge and function of the cerebellum - Identify signs and symptoms associated with cerebellar dysfunction, relevant to physiotherapy clinical practice Cranial Nerves and Brainstem ============================ - Describe the structure and function of the cranial nerves - Describe the structure and function of the brainstem - Recall the motor and sensory pathways that pass through the brainstem region - Describe the location and function of the reticular formation - Apply knowledge of structure and function of the cranial nerves and brainstem, to identify symptomatology associated with cranial nerve and brainstem pathology / lesions relevant to physiotherapy clinical practice - Apply knowledge of structure and function of the cranial nerves, to identify symptomatology associated with cranial nerve pathology / lesions relevant to physiotherapy clinical practice. - Apply knowledge of structure and function of the brainstem to identify symptomatology associated with brainstem pathology / lesions relevant to physiotherapy clinical practice Vestibular and special senses ============================= - Describe the structure and function of the ear (external, middle, inner), including hearing and the role in postural and ocular stability - Describe the auditory and vestibular pathways from receptors to brainstem, cerebellum and cortex, - Describe the functional role of the: vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in maintaining gaze stability, vestibulo-spinal reflex and its role in postural stability, cerebellar / cortical projections - Demonstrate an understanding of the inter-relationship between the visual, vestibular and proprioceptive systems for optimal orientation and balance (adaptive responses) during differing environmental and visual conditions - Describe the common central and peripheral vestibular pathologies - Describe the visual pathway conveying signals from the retina to the thalamus and cortex. - Explain the relationship between the nasal and temporal halves of the retina and the visual fields. - Describe how visual information from the right visual field is conveyed to the left visual cortex. - Describe the locations of lesions causing bitemporal hemianopia, homonymous hemianopia, monocular blindness, and cortical blindness. - Describe the purpose of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) and identify the deficits associated with a lesion of the MLF. - Apply your knowledge of structure and function of the vestibular system, to determine symptomology related to lesions within the systems of the special senses, relevant to physiotherapy clinical practice - Differentiate between signs and symptoms of central and peripheral vestibular disorders. - Apply your knowledge of structure and function of the visual system, to determine symptomology related to lesions within the visual system, relevant to physiotherapy clinical practice - Briefly describe the pathologies of: - Dementia - Delirium - Infectious Diseases of the nervous systems - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) / Motor Neurone Disease (MND) - Differentiate Dementia from Delirium Describe the aetiology and pathophysiology of Cerebral Palsy and it's classifications