Physical Science: An Introduction to Matter PDF

Summary

This document, titled 'Physical Science: An Introduction to Matter', presents a foundational overview of matter, covering its properties, types (elements and compounds), changes (physical and chemical), and measurement units like mass, volume, and density. It touches upon important concepts like atoms and molecules.

Full Transcript

Physical Science An Introduction to Matter Describing Matter: Matter - is anything that has mass and occupies space Properties of Matter - How is it described: Hot, cold, hard, soft, rough, smooth, shiny, dull, solid, liquid, gas, etc. Characteristic Properties -Those pro...

Physical Science An Introduction to Matter Describing Matter: Matter - is anything that has mass and occupies space Properties of Matter - How is it described: Hot, cold, hard, soft, rough, smooth, shiny, dull, solid, liquid, gas, etc. Characteristic Properties -Those properties of a given substance that do not change and therefore can be used to help identify the substance. Boiling Point, Melting Point, Freezing point Changes in Matter Physical Change -A change that alters the form of a substance but not the chemical makeup of the substance, a change of state – Words like: crush, smash, tear, evaporate, slice, breakdown, dissolve, absorb, swell, burst Chemical Change - One or more substances combine or decompose to form a chemically different substance – Words like: react, burns, forms, decomposed, rusting, sours, rotting, digesting, cooked, molecular change Types of Matter Pure Substances – Those substances made up of one kind of matter. It has definite characteristic properties – Elements: Contain only one type of atom, H, He, Na, Mg, C, N, O, – Compounds: A pure substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements - CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, NaCl Mixed Substances (Mixtures)– two or more substances that are mixed together but not chemically combined. – Homogeneous Mixture: a very well mixed mixture -solution of sugar water – Heterogeneous Mixture: not evenly mixed - handful of dirt, Rocky Road Ice Cream, Measuring Matter SI – International System of Units = the metric system – Length – the one dimensional measurement of distance – SI unit is Meter, Kilometer – Mass – the amount of matter in a substance – SI unit: gram or kilogram – Weight – the force of gravity acting on an object – SI unit: Newton – Volume – how much space an object occupies – SI unit: liter, milliliter, cm3 ▪ Solid Volume = Length x Width x Height = cm3, meter3 ▪ Liquid Volume = liter, milliliter ▪ 1ml = 1cm3 – Density – the amount of mass an object has in a given volume – SI unit: g/ml, g/cm3 ▪ Density= Mass / Volume – Temperature – the average kinetic energy of an object. ▪ 0C = Centigrade or degrees Celsius, 0K = degrees Kelvin ▪ 0 0C = 273 0K – Time: unit of measure: second, minute Measuring Matter Particles of Matter Atoms – The smallest particle of an Element that retains the chemical properties of that element Democritus – 400 BC, a Greek philosopher that coined the term “atomos” which means “uncuttable, indivisible” John Dalton -1802 - The Atomic Theory Atoms can not be broken into smaller pteces – atoms are like a solid marble (Not entirely accurate) In an element all atoms are exactly alike (Not entirely accurate) Atoms of two or more elements can combine to form compounds ( this is true) Atoms of each element have a unique mass (Not entirely accurate) Compounds are always composed of whole number proportions of elements ie CO2 – Carbon dioxide, H2O – Water, C6H12O6 – Glucose, NaCl – Table Salt (this one is true also) The basic particle of an Element is the Atom – H, He, Fe, etc The basic particle of a Compound is the Molecule – a group of atoms that are chemically bonded and act as a single unit until the bonds are broken: CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, NaCl No mas!! (time for activity)

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