Physical Science PDF

Mixture - Substance with varying compositions a\. Heterogenous mixture - a mixture in which components can still be identified b\. colloid - a mixture with observed properties as heterogenous weh nsubjected to tests c Homogeneous mixture (solution ) - a mixture with a very uniform composition 2\...

Mixture - Substance with varying compositions a\. Heterogenous mixture - a mixture in which components can still be identified b\. colloid - a mixture with observed properties as heterogenous weh nsubjected to tests c Homogeneous mixture (solution ) - a mixture with a very uniform composition 2\. Pure substance - substance with uniform composition a\. element - substance composing of only one kind of atom b\. Compound - substance composing of molecules, a combination of atoms which are made up of 2 or more elements. Phases of Matter Solid - state of matter with a defined appearance, it has its own shape and little to no molecular movement. this is the state of matter with a very rigid molecular structure. Liquid - state of matter wtih molecular movement. Movement is dictated by how fast the liquid flows. it has no shape of its own due ot its loose molecular structure. Gas - state of matter with high molecular movement, molecular structure is looser than liquid. behaves the same way as a liquid. Plasma - state of matter with a very high molecular movement. Due to heat, a gas becomes a plasma due to the energy it absorbs and releases, making its molcules move even faster. high temperature plasmas glow a certain color Phase transitions - happens when heat is introduced Melting (solid to liquid) - process of adding heat to a solid, causing its form to become a liquid Evaporation (liquid to gas) - process of adding heat to a liquid, causing its loose molecular bonds to break further, turning into a gas ionization (gas to plasma) - process of adding heat to a gas, adding energy to it, charging the molecules into ions recombination (plasma to gas) - process of removing heat in a plasma, returning the ions to a ground state, becoming gas. sometimes called deionization condensation (gas to liquid) - processing of transferring energy in glas molecules to the surrounding area, forcing the gas molecules to form bonds and coalesce into a liquid freezing (liquid to solid) - process of transferring heat in liquids to the surrounding area, forcing the molecules to reform and bond into a solid submlimation (solid to gas) - process of adding energy to a solid dissipating into a gas without transitioning to the liquid phase deposition (gas to solid) - process of transferring energy from the gas molecules to the surrounding area, forcing them to combine and make deposits of clumped gas molecules together, reforming into a solid properties of matter physical property - property of matter in which the material can be quantified using measurements, it is also the property in which the material can be assesed by the five senses. chemical property - the material is assessed from its chemical structure, processes, and results extensive property - the porperty in which the material is dependent on its physical properties intensive property - the property in which the material is independent on its physical properties. Food additives - substances added to food and/or beverages to improve flavor and appearance Active ingredients - substances that are biologically active cleaning agents - substances that are used to remove dirt, along with dust, stains, clutter and foul odor. Cosmetics - substances that enhance the consumer\'s appearance Surfactants - chemical agents that aid in cleaning surfaces that contain oil, stains and dirt, which usually are not soluble in water Bleaching agents - are formulations that cause whitening or lightening. Disinfectants - substances that are made to lessen, if not eradicate, harmful microbes on surfaces Types of cleaning agents General purpose cleaners - substances that are weakly alkaline intended for a variety of uses. Bathroom cleaners - products specifically designed for bathroom surfaces special surface cleaners - substances designed to clean certain surface materials such as glass, vinyl, carpets and upholstery. stain and deposit removers - substances designed to remove spots Classifications of cosmetics Lotions - substances that generally moisturize and soften teh skin deodorants - products designed to prevent and remove unpleasant body smells and are available in the market as liquids, powders or sprays Perfumes - producs that impart a fragrant odor and are usually composed of aromatic oils, alcohol, and water shaving creams - soften hair stands in many different parts of the body, which allows for their easy removal toothpaste - cleanse and polish teeth and freshen breath shampoos - used to cleanse hair. Iron is primarily formed through hydrogen fusion, helium burning, and carbon fusion in stars. Alchemy is the protoscience that aimed to purify substances and create new materials, including the legendary goal of transforming base metals into gold and platinum. Niels Bohr is credited for developing the planetary model of the atom, which built upon Ernest Rutherford\'s earlier work, and he made significant contributions to the understanding of atomic structure and quantum physic s. Helium is a primary product of the basic proton-proton chain reaction, while neutrinos, photons, and positrons are by-products of this process. Helium Burning - red supergiants are the ones that undergo helium burning earlier in their life cycle. Empedocles proposed that all matter is composed of four fundamental elements: earth, water, air, and fire. This idea is mirrored in the classical alchemical elements, which also consist of these four elements. Explosive nucleosynthesis occurs during explosive events in stars, such as supernovae, where extreme temperatures and pressures allow for the rapid creation of heavy elements. Nickel and silicon are produced during these high-energy processes as stars explode, leading to the formation of new elements from the fusion of lighter nuclei. Carbon monoxide (CO) has a triple bond between the carbon and oxygen atoms. Acetone (C₃H₆O) has only single bonds and a carbonyl (C=O) bond, not a triple bond. Hydrogen diatom (H₂) consists of a single bond between two hydrogen atoms. Mechanical Energy 1\. It is situational 2\. It changes quickly 3\. Contained inside any matter Bohr\'s Orbital Levels refers to Niels Bohr\'s model of the atom, which describes electrons moving in fixed orbits around the nucleus. De Broglie\'s Wave Property of Atoms introduces the idea that particles, like electrons, exhibit wave-like properties. Heisenberg\'s Uncertainty Principle states that it is impossible to know both the position and momentum of a particle with absolute certainty simultaneously. Schrodinger\'s Equation, which describes how the quantum state of a physical system changes over time and is fundamental to quantum mechanics. The origin of elements Big bang nucleoynthesis \- a process believed to have taken place in the early moments of the universe, shortly after the initial expansion took place according to the big bang theory \- Proposed formally in 1939 by George Gamow and Ralph Alpher Nuclear fusion \- a nuclear reaction in which two light nuclei (such as hydrogen) combine to form a heavier nucleus (such as heium). \- the process releases excess binding energy from the reaction, based upon the binding energies of the atoms involved in the process