Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Test Review Sheet PDF

Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration Test Review Sheet Photosynthesis: Leaf Structure: - Cuticle - protective layer above epidermis - Chloroplasts found in the palisade and spongy mesophylls, where photosynthesis takes place - Palisade mesophyll - provides structure for lea...

Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration Test Review Sheet Photosynthesis: Leaf Structure: - Cuticle - protective layer above epidermis - Chloroplasts found in the palisade and spongy mesophylls, where photosynthesis takes place - Palisade mesophyll - provides structure for leaf - Spongy mesophyll - where more chloroplasts are found - Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll - the green pigment that makes leaves green - Vein - Two parts of the vein; xylem and phloem, xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the leaf, where the phloem transports sugars away from the leaf - Spongy mesophyll - Gas exchange by letting carbon dioxide into the leaf so it can carry out photosynthesis. It also carries out oxygen and water vapor - Gases (CO2) leave through the stoma - The process by which light energy from the sun is converted into high energy molecules such as glucose. - Chemical formula: (opposite to Cellular Respiration) - Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen - 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 +6O2 Light Dependent Reactions: - Inputs: H2O, sunlight, ADP, NADP+ - In the Light Dependent reaction Photosystem II absorbs sunlight which allows it to split up water into: H+, O2, and Electrons. The electrons travel through the electron carriers, the O2 leaves the plant through the stoma, and the H+ up the concentration gradient from low to high concentration. The electrons (in this case 4) that have been traveling along the Electron carriers (which are made out of protein) then bond with 2H+, 2 NADP+ and form 2NADPH Light Independent Reactions/Calvin Cycle: Electron Transport Chain - Photosynthesis - 2H20 → 4H+.+ O2 + 4e– - Water gives up electrons (this process is powered by sunlight) - NADPH has the electrons and carries them to the light-independent reactions - H+s end up in the thylakoid space and move up (basically against) the concentration gradient into stoma - ATP synthase makes ATP by moving the H+s up the gradient - Inputs: H2O, sunlight, ADP, NADP+ - Outputs: ATP, NADPH, O2 Cellular respiration: - The process by which high energy molecules (glucose) are converted into chemical energy in the presence of oxygen. - Inputs: Glucose, Oxygen - Outputs: H2O, ATP, Carbon Dioxide Chemical Balance: Oxygen + Glucose → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (opposite to Photosynthesis) Chemical Equation: 6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy Glycolysis: Glucose → 2 Pyruvate → 2 AcetylcoA + 2 CO2 Pyruvate Oxidation: Bridge between Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle - Pyruvate → Acetyl CoA Glycolysis: The Krebs Cycle: Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix Electron Transport Chain: Takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane Inputs Outputs Glucose 3 Carbon 3 Carbon Energy + CO2 NADH, Oxygen, FADH2, ADP H2O, ATP Fermentation Summary: The process in how organisms get energy in the absence of oxygen. Lactic Fermentation - Produces lactate - animals/bodies Alcoholic Fermentation: - typically yeast - produces ethanol and carbon dioxide Detailed Process: During fermentation, pyruvate (3 carbon molecules) either turns into ethanol + carbon dioxide or lactate acid. The ethanol and lactate utilize the electrons from NADH making it NAD+ so that it can go through glycolysis again. 3 parts of respiratory system Glycolysis Glucose goes in and is split into two pyruvate molecules From this process 2 NADH and 2ATP’s come out Pyruvate oxidation also happens which turns pyruvate into 2 acetyl COAs - CO2 comes out and COA goes in- while this is happening Nad+ is being turned into NADH Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm of the mitochondria The Krebs cycle Acetyl COa turns into a six carbon molecule which is citrate Then NAD+ turns into NADH and loses a carbon as CO2 - now it is a five carbon molecule. This happens twice so it is a four carbon molecule Then GDP turns into GTP which is an energy carrying molecule Then FAD turns into FADH2 which is a reduced electron carrier Then NAD+ turns into NADH And the 4 carbon molecule stays to regenerate each cycle this happens in the Matrix of the mitochondria Move H+ up their concentration gradient in the inner membrane and is used to convert ADP to ATP in the ATP synthase The NAD+ stays in the matrix to be used by other reactions From this process 2 NADH and 2ATP’s come out The electron transport chain Happens in the inner mitochondrial membrane NADH and FADH carry electrons into the ETC O2 is the final electron acceptor of the electrons and becomes water The main purpose of the electron transport cycle is to make energy for making proteins 28 ATP come from the ETC Fermentation vs Cellular Respiration: Fermentation occurs when there is no oxygen available to aid the production of energy from glucose. After glycolysis, instead of the Krebs cycle, fermentation takes place. However, fermentation is a much less effective way to produce energy, making around 2 ATP per molecule of glucose while cellular respiration is able to make up to 38 ATP per glucose. Lactic fermentation: pyruvate → ethanol + CO2 2 Alcoholic fermentation: pyruvate → lactate Yeast Demo: Test Contained one OPEN tube and one CLOSED tube BTB added into both: acid base indicator, blue means basic, presence of acidity turns color into yellow Open Tube: Oxygen coming in, Glycolysis/Krebs cycle/ETC all happening - turns yellow quickly because CO2 turns water acidic Closed Tube: No Oxygen coming in, glycolysis then goes into the process of fermentation, no krebs cycle or ETC - more blue, turns yellow slower, making less Co2, only glycolysis and fermentation Diagrams: Electron Carrier Chart Low energy (no e-) FAD NAD+ NADP+ High energy (e-) FADH2 NADH NADPH What its associated CR CR PS with From → To Take from Kreb to ETC Takes from Krebs + Takes ETC to calvin Glycolysis to ETC cycle