Photosynthesis and Leaf Structure

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Questions and Answers

Which molecule is produced as a byproduct of both lactic fermentation and alcoholic fermentation?

Carbon Dioxide (correct)

Acetyl CoA

Oxygen

NADH

What is the primary role of acetyl CoA in the Krebs cycle?

To lose a carbon molecule and produce energy

To enter the Krebs cycle as a six-carbon molecule (correct)

To act as an electron carrier

To be converted into lactate

Where does glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell?

In the nucleus

In the cytoplasm (correct)

In the mitochondrial matrix

On the inner mitochondrial membrane

Which statement correctly describes pyruvate during respiration?

Pyruvate can be converted into lactate or ethanol during fermentation. Signup and view all the answers

What are the inputs required for the Krebs cycle?

Acetyl CoA and Water Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cuticle in leaf structure?

To protect the leaf from water loss Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the leaf structure is primarily responsible for gas exchange?

Stoma Signup and view all the answers

What are the outputs of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

O2, ATP, NADPH Signup and view all the answers

What compound is formed when electrons from the light-dependent reactions bond with H+ and NADP+?

NADPH Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of ATP synthase in photosynthesis?

It makes ATP by moving H+ ions up the concentration gradient. Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?

To convert glucose into chemical energy Signup and view all the answers

During photosynthesis, which part of the leaf primarily contains chloroplasts?

Palisade mesophyll Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the electron transport chain?

To generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of fermentation in the absence of oxygen?

Conversion of pyruvate to ethanol and CO2 Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

O2 Signup and view all the answers

How many total ATP can be generated from one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration?

38 ATP Signup and view all the answers

Where does ATP synthesis occur within the mitochondria?

Inner membrane Signup and view all the answers

During the Krebs cycle, what do FAD and NAD+ become after accepting electrons?

FADH2 and NADH Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the 4 carbon molecule in the Krebs cycle?

It regenerates to continue the cycle Signup and view all the answers

How does the open tube in the yeast demo behave compared to the closed tube?

It quickly turns yellow from CO2 production Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Photosynthesis

Leaf Structure: The leaf's structure plays a key role in photosynthesis. Protective cuticle, upper and lower epidermis, palisade mesophyll (with high chlorophyll content), and spongy mesophyll (with more chloroplasts) are important. Veins, containing xylem (for water transport) and phloem (transporting sugars from the leaf), are crucial.
Chloroplasts and Chlorophyll: Chloroplasts, found in palisade and spongy mesophyll cells, are the site of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll, the green pigment, is essential.
Photosynthesis Process: Photosynthesis converts light energy into energy-rich molecules like glucose. The overall chemical equation is 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2. This process involves gas exchange, with carbon dioxide entering and oxygen and water vapor leaving the leaf via stomata.

Light-Dependent Reactions

Inputs: Water (H₂O), sunlight, ADP, and NADP⁺ are required for these reactions.
Process Details: Photosystem II absorbs sunlight, splitting water into H⁺, O₂, and electrons. Electrons travel through electron carriers, increasing their energy level creating ATP and NADPH. Oxygen (O₂) exits the plant through stomata, H⁺ accumulate in the thylakoid space.
Outputs: ATP, NADPH, and Oxygen (O₂) are generated during these reactions.

Light-Independent Reactions/Calvin Cycle

Inputs: ATP, NADPH, CO₂.
Process Details: Uses energy from ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide (CO₂) into glucose. The process occurs in the stroma (the fluid portion of the chloroplast).

Cellular Respiration

Definition: The process of converting high-energy molecules (glucose) into chemical energy (ATP).
Inputs: Glucose, Oxygen
Outputs: Water (H₂O), ATP, Carbon Dioxide (CO₂). this is opposite to photosynthesis.

Glycolysis

Definition: The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate.
Where it occurs: cytoplasm
Process Details: Glucose is converted to two pyruvate molecules, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

Krebs Cycle

Definition: A series of chemical reactions to release energy from acetyl CoA.
Where it occurs: mitochondrial matrix

Electron Transport Chain

Definition: A process where electrons move through electron carriers, generating ATP.
Where it occurs: inner mitochondrial membrane
Process Details: The electrons are passed down and the energy is used to make ATP

Fermentation

Definition: Energy production process without oxygen.
Types: Lactic fermentation, alcoholic fermentation.
Process Details (Lactic): Pyruvate converts to lactate, regenerating NAD+.
Process Details (Alcoholic): Pyruvate converts to ethanol and carbon dioxide, regenerating NAD⁺.

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Description

Explore the intricate details of photosynthesis and its connection to leaf structure. This quiz covers key concepts such as chloroplasts, chlorophyll, and the overall chemical process of converting light energy into glucose. Test your knowledge on the light-dependent reactions and their inputs.