Introduction to Literature PDF

PHILWORLD REVIEWER INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE FICTION Literature refers to written works of Short Story superior or lasting artistic merit o Brief narrative focusing on a Etymology is derived from Latin,...

PHILWORLD REVIEWER INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE FICTION Literature refers to written works of Short Story superior or lasting artistic merit o Brief narrative focusing on a Etymology is derived from Latin, single theme, character, or “litera”, meaning “letters” plot. Often 1,500 to 7,500 Its purpose is to entertain, educate, words inform, or convey culture and Novel experiences o Long narrative work of fiction with a complex plot and characters. Novelettes are FORMS OF LITERATURE typically 7,500 to 20,000 Prose words while Novellas are o A form of written or spoken 20,000 to 50,000 words language that follows Mythology grammatical structure without o Stories about gods and heroes a metrical pattern that explain cultural beliefs o Two main types: Legend ▪ Fiction o Semi-true stories rooted in ▪ Non-Fiction historical events Poetry Folklore o Literary form that emphasizes o Traditional stories passed aesthetic qualities of down orally through language and rhythmic generations qualities Fable o Three main types: o Short stories with animals as ▪ Narrative characters that teach moral ▪ Lyric lessons ▪ Dramatic Parable o Simple stories with human characters that impart moral PROSE or spiritual lessons Fiction Play o Includes narratives created o Meant for theatrical from the imagination of the performance, involving author dialogue and action Non-Fiction o Is based on facts and real NON-FICTION events Biography o Life story of a person written by someone else  Autobiography LYRIC POETRY o An account of the author’s Expresses personal feelings and own life thoughts. It contains sub-forms such Memoir as: o Focuses on specific o Song memories and experiences of ▪ Verses set to music the author o Sonnet Essay ▪ 14-line poem with a o Short work expressing the specific rhyme author’s viewpoint on a topic scheme Literary Journalism o Ode o Reporting on current events or ▪ Poem of praise or topics; factual and timely dedication Historical Writing o Elegy o Analysis of past events; often ▪ A mournful poem, involves research often about death Speeches o Written versions of spoken presentations; often SONNETS persuasive or motivational 14-lines in Iambic Pentameter Criticism and Reviews Foot is a combination of stressed and o Analytical writings on unstressed syllables literature, art, or other works Meter is a group of poetic feet that follow a particular pattern of stress NARRATIVE POETRY Poetry that tells a story and has a plot. POETIC FOOT It contains sub-forms such as: Iamb o Epic o Unstressed + Stressed ▪ Long narrative poems Trochee about heroic deeds o Stressed + Unstressed o Metrical Tale Anapest ▪ Narrative poem with a o Two Unstressed + Stressed regular meter o Ballad Dactyl ▪ A form of verse set to o Stressed + Two Unstressed music o Metrical Romance ▪ Focuses on chivalric and romantic themes STRUCTURE OF SONNETS o Third Person (Limited) ▪ Narrator is outside the story, with insight into one character’s thoughts o Third Person (Omniscient) ▪ Narrator knows all the thoughts and feelings of all characters Setting o Time ▪ When the story takes place o Place ▪ Physical location of DRAMATIC POETRY the story Poetry meant to be spoken or o Atmosphere performed. It contains sub-forms ▪ Mood or feeling such as: created by the setting o Soliloquy Character ▪ Monologue revealing o Protagonist inner thoughts ▪ Main character o Monologue o Antagonist ▪ Extended speech by ▪ Opposite of the one person protagonist o Dialogue o Deuteragonist ▪ Conversations ▪ Secondary main between two or more character characters o Support o Choral Poetry ▪ Help develop the story ▪ Recited by a group or but are not central chorus o Stock ▪ Stereotypical characters ELEMENTS OF PROSE Plot Point of View o Exposition o First Person o Rising Action ▪ Narrator is a character o Climax in the story o Falling Action o Second Person o Denouement ▪ Narrator addresses Conflict the reader as “you” o Man vs Man o Man vs Self o Man vs Society  o Man vs Nature Imagery o Man vs Calamity o Visual o Man vs Destiny o Auditory o Man vs Divine o Tactile o Man vs Supernatural o Olfactory Mood o Gustatory o Emotional atmosphere Tone – attitude or emotional created for the reader perspective the poet adopts Tone o Formal o Author’s attitude toward the o Informal subject matter o Optimistic Theme o Pessimistic o Central idea or underlying o Ironic message of the story Theme – central idea or message the poem conveys o Love ELEMENTS OF POETRY o Nature Form – structure of a poem is its o Mortality foundation and determines how the Figurative Language – non-literal poem’s message is conveyed expressions to convey deeper o Sonnet meanings and compositions ▪ 14 lines o Metaphor o Haiku ▪ Direct comparison ▪ 3 lines with 5 7-5 o Simile syllable structure ▪ Comparison using o Free Verse “like” or “as” ▪ No fixed meter or o Personification rhyme scheme ▪ Human qualities to o Ballad non-human objects ▪ Narrative poem with o Hyperbole quatrains ▪ Deliberate o Ode exaggeration ▪ Praises a subject o Symbolism Sound – auditory quality of a poem, ▪ An object, person, or created by rhyme, alliteration, situation representing assonance, consonance, and other something else sound devices o End Rhyme PRECOLONIAL LITERATURE o Internal Rhyme o Slant Rhyme Early Inhabitants o Assonance o The Callao Man o Consonance ▪ Callao Cave, Cagayan o Onomatopoeia Valley; 67,000 years ago  o Homo Luzonensis o Supported by “Orality and ▪ Callao Cave, Cagayan Textuality in the Austronesian Valley; 50,000 – World” by James J. Fox 67,000 years ago The Rajahnate of Butuan o The Tabon Man o Believed to have been ▪ Tabon Cave, Palawan; influenced by Indian traders 47,000 – 60,000 years as early as the 10th century CE ago Hinilawod The Negritos – at 25,000 BCE; o A Visayan epic, sprawling considered as the first inhabitants of narrative filled with tales of the Philippines heroism, love, and adventure o The Denisovans Biag ni Lam-Ang ▪ Hominin originally o Mesmerizing story of bravery from Denisovan Cave and cultural values in Siberia The Influence of the Brahmin Script o The Aboriginal Pygmies o Used for Sanskrit and Pali, ▪ Dark skinned had a significant impact on seafarers from the development of Baybayin Austronesia The Brahmin Kudlit The Seafarers o Originally consisted of 17 o The Indones characters, all consonants ▪ Proto-malays; arrived o Diacritical marks such as around 3000 BCE dots, lines, and commas led using their boats to the recognition of vowels o The Malays The Spanish Kudlit ▪ Arrived at 200 BCE o A diacritical mark to indicate a with their consonant sound without Austronesian being followed by any vowel language family sound The Traders The Romanization of the Filipino o The Chinese Script ▪ Settled around 982 CE o The Spaniards made several o The Hindus attempts to Romanize the ▪ During the 10th Filipino Script century, influenced o It contributed to the erosion of the system of writing indigenous cultures and identities PRECOLONIAL SYSTEM OF WRITING PRECOLONIAL LITERARY GENRES The Oral Tradition Ambahan o Purely oral in nature with no o Mangyans; uccinct and written forms, early on melodic verses, often used to express their hopes and dreams  Tanaga o Maragtas at Hinilawod – o Tagalog; four lines, each with Panay-Bisaya 7 syllables; a window into the o Tuwaang Midsakop – sentiments of the Tagalog Ulahingan for Manobos people o Darangen – Maranao and Chants Mindanao o Reverberated through tribal o Hudhod at Alim – Ifugaos gatherings, narrating the o Biag ni Lam-Ang – Ilocanos heroic deeds of their o Kabunlan at Bendian – Ibaloys ancestors o Hari sa Bukit – Negros-Bisaya Riddles o Kumintang – Tagalogs o Challenged the intellect and o Bantugan – Muslims encouraged wit and creative o Kudaman – Palawan thinking SHORT FICTION RIDDLES Myth Relied on metaphors or talinghaga. o Explains how the world was The greatest number of riddles created; to explain the origins belonged to Tagalog of natural phenomena o Bugtong - Tagalogs Legends o Paktakon – Ilongos o To explain the origin of things o Patot Don – Bicolanos in the universe relative to o Buburtia – Ilocanos have basis in real life ▪ Gintunan in Kiniray-a and Ilonggo PROVERBS ▪ Istorya in Pangasinese Statement of a particular culture’s Fables codes of behavior o Short tales that highlighted o Kasabihan - Tagalogs animals; more didactic in o Panultihon or Pagya - which are meant to teach Cebuanos lessons o Kasebian - Pampango ▪ Si Matsing at si o Humbaton or Hurobotan - Kuneho Ilonggos ▪ The Monkey and the o Daragilon and Daraida - Panay Crocodile o Basahanan – Bukidnon ▪ The Horse and the Carabao EPICS SONGS Most prominent literary genre; chanted or sung during multiple Songs for Courtship occasions which featured local o Badeng – Ilocano heroes taking on adventures o Mandata – Manobo  o Bilaan ye Dayaon – Bukidnon THE BILAAN CREATION MYTH Songs for Lullabies Melu o Oyayi – Tagalog o So large that he can not be o Andang – Aetas compared with any known Soliranin thing; from the clouds o Rowing - Tagalog o Pure white skin Mambayu o Pure gold teeth o Pounding Rice - Kalinga Tau Tana Mannamili o From below the earth; made o Making pots – Ilocano the noses of humans, Manganinay originally placed upside down o Hunting Bees – Manobo Conflict Tagay o When it rained, the men o Drink – Waray drowned with their upside Ambahan down noses o Imparts lessons – Mangyan Songs for the Dead o Kanogon – Cebuanos THE TAGALOG CREATION MYTH o Ibi – Kalinga Hidden Rooms Songs for Playtime o Chiefs of the Islands o Cansiones Para Abbing – Concealed in the Walls Ibanags o Slaves o Ida Ida a Rata – Maguindanao Ran Outside o Free Men VALUES Hid in the Fireplace o Negroes Spirituality Fled to the Sea o Holds immense cultural o Came Back as Whites significance as it reflects the indigenous beliefs of the Philippines before the BIAG NI LAM-ANG Spaniards Setting o “Hudhud” and “Alim” epics of o Nalbuan, La Union the Ifugaos o Ilocos Morality Characters o Illustrates moral dilemmas o Don Juan – Father of Lam-ang and emphasizes values o Namongan – Mother of Lam- cherished by indigenous ang communities o Lam-ang – Protagonist Bravery o Pasho – Rich Godfather o Portrayed in Biag ni Lam-ang o Marcus – Diver Godfather through his unwavering o Alisot – Fish-hooker courage and fearlessness o Ines – Wife of Lam-ang  o Sumarang – Giant enemy of WEDDING DANCE Lam-ang Characters o Wonderpets of Lam-ang o Awiyao – Male lead ▪ White Rooster o Lumnay – Female lead ▪ Yellow-legged Hen o Madulimay – New wife of ▪ Hairy Dog Awiyao Events o Infancy – Lam-ang spoke as Symbols soon as he was birthed and o The Night chose his godfathers ▪ Adds to the darkness o Premonitions – Lam-ang has and isolation that multiple dreams in the story, Lumnay feels as she one detailing his father’s runs away from the death and another showing village; she is unable his own death to envision a future o Battle with the Igorots – Did no o Dancing harm to Lam-ang ▪ A celebration of o Amburayan River – Lam-ang happiness; show of bathed here after his battle sexuality by the with the Igorots women o Battle with Sumarang – Threw o The Floor him across hills and catched ▪ As lumnay pulls the his spear with two fingers, his rattan floor apart, it pinky and ring finger symbolizes their o Rarang Fish – The item that marriage unravelling Lam-ang was tasked to get o The Beads o Berkakan – Water monster ▪ Symbolizes Awiyao’s that ate Lam-ang promise to Lumnay; o Resurrection – Ines tasked very precious and are Marcos, the diver, to obtain worth 20 fields Lam-ang’s bones under the o The Gangsas seafloor. She then performs a ▪ The sound represents ritual with Lam-ang’s pets in the man in the order to revive him back to life wedding ceremony; to get their happy ending “beat to life” o The Fire ▪ Signifies the burning intensity of both love and hate that Lumnay feels