Philosophy PDF

Chapter 1: The Self in Philosophy - Focuses on the soul and body which has 3 types, appetitive, rational, and Philosophy spirited - Mother of all disciplines becau...

Chapter 1: The Self in Philosophy - Focuses on the soul and body which has 3 types, appetitive, rational, and Philosophy spirited - Mother of all disciplines because all - Phaedrus, the charioteer = rational fields of study began as philosophical soul, black horse = appetitive soul, discourses. white soul = spirited soul. - The study of acquiring knowledge through the rational thinking that St. Augustine (Faith in God) involves in answering questions - Says that God is the ultimate regarding the nature and existence of relationship and faith is a must and man and the world. ultimate source of truth and Self goodness. - God is always with us - A unified being essentially connected - Born imperfectly perfect to the consciousness awareness and - Evil stem from the free will that God the faculty of our rational thinking gave humans, emphasizing the moral discipline humans must do to prevent - Refers to the complete and whole becoming evil person - Privatio Boni – the absence of good Socrates (Knowing Thyself) - Introduced the Trinity as one God (Trinitate). - Focuses on oneself and created the Socratic method. - Know Thyself Rene Descartes (Mind and Body) a. Humility and Intellectual - Father of Modern Philosophy Honesty - Modern Dualism (Cartesian Method) - Happiness of Life’s Goal a. Res Cogitans (Eudaemonia) b. Res Extensa - An examined Life is not worth living. c. Cogito, ergo sum – I think, - Married Xanthippe due to her therefore I am argumentative nature. - Focuses on the mind and body are distinct. - Emphasizes that being in constant Plato (Soul and Body) doubt regarding one’s existence is - Father of Academy proof that a person exists - Self-Understanding and Wisdom - Mind – responsible for thoughts and - Division of Soul and Body does not have a physical entity = Res Cogitans - Body – possesses the tangible parts = Res Extensa  - Descartes said that the mind and a. Sensible Intuition - thru the body interacts in the Pineal Gland. senses, b. Intellectual Intuition - John Locke (Memory and Past Experience) experiences that shapes the - Father of Classical Liberation mind through space and time - Social Contract Theory – We can visualization and mental revolt against a government that does image/representation. not satisfy the arrangement and needs of the society - Transcendental Apperception - the - Tabula rosa (blank slate) – guided by consciousness helps us understand the empiricism, humans gain and create a sense of self by putting knowledge and understanding by their together all that we’ve experienced experiences and sensory perceptions. before. - Memory Theory – each memory - Noumena – the self has no direct chains each past experiences to our experience but the self knows present self. - Phenomena – the self knows - What you are before dictates your because the self the direct experience present self thru sensory experience - Human Knowledge is Limited, we are shaped by Phenomena. David Hume (Collection of Experiences) - Focused on the field of skepticism Sigmund Freud (Childhood) and empiricism. - Self is the accumulation of different - Father of Psychoanalysis impressions and does not exceed the - The child is the father of the man. physical realm a. OAPHALAGE - Bundle Theory – the self is a ▪ Psychoanalysis stages. collection or bundle of perceptions, ▪ Oral – Mouth – Birth to 18 experiences, and sensations, Months suggests that the self is ever ▪ Anal – Anus – 18 Months changing. to 3 years old ▪ Phallic – Genitals – 3 – 6 years old Immanuel Kant (Intuition and ▪ Latency – None – 7 to 12 Transcendental Apperception) years old - What makes us who we are is made- ▪ Genitals – Genitals – 12+ up of all the stuff we’ve experience years old and felt – grounded in Empiricism. - Oral (Id) - Our feelings and behaviors are just a. Receptive – received no one part of us. anxiety in oral needs - Intuition  b. Malnourished – Kulang sa b. Pre-conscious – Lies in between Nourishment the unconscious and conscious c. Sadistic – Sign of Protest realm. - Anal (Ego) c. Conscious – awareness of a. Anal Retentive – Strict training everything from childhood causing them - Our self is shaped from our to be strict later on. childhood. b. Anal Repulsive – disorganized people stemming from uncontrolled training. Gilbert Ryle (Behaviors) - Phallic (Superego) a. Develops the male Oedipus - Knowing how – practical knowledge complex, attraction to his and skill. mother and his father is his - Knowing that – propositional rival. knowledge and understanding facts. b. Castration Complex – males - The way we act or behave can tell a are scared of cutting of their great deal about our personalities genitals o A dynamic and evolving c. Female Oedipus Complex – construct that is shape and opposite of the male, reshaped by our actions and attracted to their father, their interactions rival is their mother. o Ghost in the Machine d. Hypersexual or Hyper- - The mind is not a separate entity avoidant that guides the self but is a part of the self that is collected from - Provinces of the Mind: behaviors, thoughts, and experiences - Eros – Life Instinct a person displays in everyday life a. Id – primitive drive, under the pleasure principle. Paul Churchland b. Ego – reality principle, - a movement of the mind and body, control, balances Id. the mental state represents identical c. Superego – regulates neurological responses in the brain Id, morality principle - Eliminative Materialism – eliminates ▪ Thanatos – Death Instinct faux psychology. - Levels of Mental Life a. Unconscious – beyond of our Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty awareness and our - Phenomenology of Perception (unity consciousness. of the function of the mind and the body)  - Supports David Hume - Follows gestalt psychology - our perception of the world is intimately ties to our actions - our self is tied with connections and relationships with others as a whole, not parts St. Thomas Aquinas - explained the composition of Man, Matter or Hyle and Form or Morphe - God is the center to find happiness - Will and Intellect - Ultimately oriented towards unity with God - The soul is what animates the body, it is what makes us humans