Philosophy Overview: Socrates to Augustine

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Questions and Answers

What are the three types of souls according to the philosophy discussed?

  • Appetitive, Rational, Spirited (correct)
  • Appetitive, Logical, Spirited
  • Instinctual, Rational, Emotional
  • Rational, Emotional, Spiritual

Which philosopher is associated with the concept of knowing oneself?

  • St. Augustine
  • Rene Descartes
  • Plato
  • Socrates (correct)

According to St. Augustine, what is considered the ultimate source of truth and goodness?

  • God (correct)
  • Nature
  • Man's rationality
  • The community

What philosophical approach did Rene Descartes introduce?

<p>Modern Dualism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which quote reflects St. Augustine's belief regarding evil?

<p>Evil results from the absence of good (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of life, according to philosophical discourse?

<p>Eudaemonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the allegory of Phaedrus, which part of the soul is represented by the charioteer?

<p>Rational soul (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Res Cogitans' refer to in Descartes' philosophy?

<p>The thinking substance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Descartes mean by 'Cogito, ergo sum'?

<p>Doubt about existence proves one can think. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Plato, what is the primary distinction between the mind and the body?

<p>The mind is responsible for thoughts, while the body is tangible. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Tabula rosa signify in John Locke's philosophy?

<p>Knowledge is acquired through sensory experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'Noumena' according to the content provided?

<p>The self has no direct experience yet knows. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Pineal Gland play according to Descartes?

<p>It is where mind and body interact. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of Sensible Intuition in philosophical thought?

<p>It emphasizes the role of senses in gaining knowledge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Memory Theory suggest regarding an individual's self?

<p>Memories connect past experiences to form the self. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes John Locke's view on knowledge acquisition?

<p>Experiences and sensory perceptions shape our understanding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complex describes a male's attraction to his mother and rivalry with his father?

<p>Male Oedipus Complex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element of the psyche is responsible for balancing the demands of the Id according to Ryle's ideas?

<p>Ego (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to define Ryle's view of the mind, suggesting it is shaped by behaviors and experiences?

<p>Ghost in the Machine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Ryle, what is the primary function of the Superego?

<p>To mediate between the Id and real-world demands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Thanatos refer to in psychological terms?

<p>Death Instinct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological principle states that our perception of the world reflects our actions and interactions with others?

<p>Gestalt Psychology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Castration Complex refer to in psychological development?

<p>Fear of losing one's masculinity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher's views support the relationship between mind and body in terms of perception?

<p>Maurice Merleau-Ponty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Bundle Theory suggest about the self?

<p>The self is a collection of perceptions and experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, which stage comes after the Oral stage in his psychosexual development theory?

<p>Anal stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of human experience do Hume and Kant both emphasize in understanding the self?

<p>The accumulation of sensory experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the self is NOT a key aspect in the content?

<p>The self is a static representation of one's identity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the view that our feelings and behaviors are merely one aspect of our identity?

<p>Reductionism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Freud's theory, which type of person may develop due to strict training during the Anal stage?

<p>Anal-retentive individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Immanuel Kant's theory of Transcendental Apperception pertain to?

<p>The sum of various experiences shaping self-identity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested by the phrase 'The child is the father of the man' in the context of Freud's theory?

<p>Childhood experiences dictate adulthood behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Philosophy

The study of knowledge, existence, and the nature of man and the world, using rational thinking.

Self (in philosophy)

A unified being, connected to consciousness, awareness, and rational thinking.

Socratic Method

A philosophical method of questioning to arrive at truth and self-knowledge.

Eudaemonia

Happiness or flourishing in life's goals; the ultimate pursuit.

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St. Augustine (faith)

Stressed faith in God for the ultimate source of truth and goodness.

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Socrates (Know Thyself)

Socrates emphasizes self-knowledge as a core virtue, achieved via humility and intellectual honesty.

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Modern Dualism (Descartes)

Descartes' concept of mind (conscious) and body (physical) being separate entities.

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Privatio Boni

Evil as the absence of good, not an independent force.

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Res Extensa

The physical, tangible part of existence. The body.

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Res Cogitans

The mind, thoughts, and consciousness. Not physical.

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Cogito, ergo sum

I think, therefore I am—Descartes' famous statement proving existence through doubt.

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Tabula rasa

The idea that the mind starts as a blank slate (empty) and fills through experience. (Locke)

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Social Contract Theory

The idea that people agree to be governed to create a society.

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Memory Theory

Locke's idea that past experiences link each other and contribute to our present understanding.

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Plato's Division of Soul and Body

Plato's concept of distinct aspects between mind and body.

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Experiential Knowledge

Knowledge acquired through senses and experiences. (Locke)

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Phenomenal Self

The self as it is perceived through sensory experience.

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Bundle Theory

The self is a collection of experiences, perceptions, and sensations.

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Empiricism

Knowledge is based on sensory experience.

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Psychoanalysis

A theory based on Freud's theory of the mind that childhood shapes the self.

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Psychosexual Stages

Freud's theory that personality develops through stages focused on erogenous zones.

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Unconscious

Part of the mind that holds thoughts, feelings, memories, and desires outside of conscious awareness.

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Conscious

Part of the mind that deals with current thoughts, feelings, and perceptions.

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Intuition

Knowing something directly, independent of sensory experience.

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Gilbert Ryle's Behaviorism

Focuses on observable actions and behaviors as indicators of mental states rather than internal mental processes.

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Knowing How vs. Knowing That

Knowing how refers to practical skills and abilities, while knowing that describes propositional knowledge and facts.

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Provinces of the Mind (Freud)

Id (pleasure), Ego (reality), and Superego (morality) are three interacting parts of the mental system responsible for human behavior.

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Eros and Thanatos

Eros (life instinct) and Thanatos (death instinct) are fundamental drives shaping human behavior.

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Unconscious Mind

Part of the mind holding thoughts and feelings beyond our awareness.

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Eliminative Materialism

A view claiming that mental states are not distinct and separate entities but are equivalent to specific neurological processes in the brain.

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Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology

Focuses on the unity of the mind and body, how our perceptions are formed interactively with experiences, and our relationships.

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Oedipus Complex

A psychological conflict where a child is attracted to the parent of the opposite sex and experiences rivalry with the parent of the same sex.

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Study Notes

Philosophy

  • Mother of all disciplines, all fields of study started as philosophical discourse
  • Focuses on the soul and body, which has 3 types: appetitive, rational, and spirited
  • Phaedrus, the charioteer = rational soul
  • Black horse = appetitive soul
  • White horse = spirited soul
  • The study of acquiring knowledge through rational thinking to answer questions about the nature and existence of man.
  • A unified being essentially connected to consciousness, awareness, and rational thinking
  • Refers to the complete and whole person

Socrates (Knowing Thyself)

  • Focused on oneself
  • Created the Socratic method
  • Key attributes: humility and intellectual honesty
  • Happiness (Eudaemonia) is life's goal.
  • An examined life is not worth living
  • Married Xanthippe, known for her argumentative nature

Plato (Soul and Body)

  • Father of the Academy
  • Self-understanding and wisdom
  • Division of soul and body

St. Augustine (Faith in God)

  • Says that God is the ultimate relationship and faith is a must, the ultimate source of truth and goodness
  • God is always with us
  • Evil stems from free will given by God to humans.
  • Moral discipline is needed to prevent becoming evil.
  • Introduced the Trinity as one God (Trinity)

Rene Descartes (Mind and Body)

  • Father of Modern Philosophy
  • Modern Dualism (Cartesian Method)
  • Res Cogitans (mind) – not physical
  • Res Extensa (body) – physical
  • Cogito, ergo sum (I think, therefore I am)- focuses on mind and body, which are distinct
  • Emphasizes that constant questioning of one's existence proves that a person exists
  • The mind is responsible for thoughts and does not have a physical entity
  • The body possesses tangible parts
  • Mind and body interact in the Pineal Gland

David Hume (Collection of Experiences)

  • Focused on skepticism and empiricism
  • The self is a collection of experiences, impressions, and perceptions
  • Bundle Theory - self is a collection of perceptions, experiences, and sensations
  • Self is ever changing

Immanuel Kant (Intuition & Transcendental Apperception)

  • What makes us who we are is made up of experiences and feelings
  • Our feelings and behaviors are part of us
  • Grounded in empiricism

Sigmund Freud (Childhood)

  • Father of psychoanalysis.
  • The child is the father of the man.
  • Psychoanalytic stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
  • Oral (Birth-18 months), Anal (18 months-3 years), Phallic (3-6 years), Latency (7-12 years), and Genital (12+ years).
  • Conscious, pre-conscious, and unconscious

Gilbert Ryle (Behaviors)

  • Knowing how (practical knowledge and skill)
  • Knowing that (propositional knowledge and understanding facts)
  • The way we act can tell a lot about our personalities

Paul Churchland

  • Movement of mind and body.
  • The mental state represents identical neurological responses in the brain.
  • Eliminative materialism eliminates faux psychology

Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty

  • Phenomenology of Perception (unity of the mind and body)

St. Thomas Aquinas

  • Explained the composition of Man (matter and form)
  • God is the center to find happiness
  • Will and intellect
  • Ultimately oriented towards unity with God
  • The soul animates the body; what makes humans human

Support for David Hume

  • Follows Gestalt psychology
  • Our perception of the world is connected to our actions
  • Our self is tied to connections and relationships with others, not parts

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