Philosophy Reviewer PDF

**Philosophy Reviewer** **Philosophy --** the word "philosophy" comes from the Greek words, "philo", meaning to love and "sophia" meaning wisdom. Philosophy originally meant, love of wisdom. a. **Science --** investigation is systematic. It follows a certain steps or procedure. b. **Natural...

**Philosophy Reviewer** **Philosophy --** the word "philosophy" comes from the Greek words, "philo", meaning to love and "sophia" meaning wisdom. Philosophy originally meant, love of wisdom. a. **Science --** investigation is systematic. It follows a certain steps or procedure. b. **Natural Light of Reason --** it investigates things not by using any other lab instrument or investigates tools neither on the basis of super natural revelations, it becomes theology. c. **Study of All Things --** sets of distinction between philosophy from other sciences. d. **Highest Principles --** proceeds in any manner whatsoever. **Principle of Identity -** whatever is is, whatever is not is not; everything is what it is. **Non-Contradiction --** it is impossible to a thing to be and not to be at the same time. **Excluded Middle --** a thing is either is or is not. **Sufficient Reason -** nothing in this world is here without a reason. **5 Branches of Philosophy** 1. **METAPHYSICS -** study of reality 2. **ETHICS -** evaluate human actions. 3. **EPISTOMOLOGY** -- deals nature, validity of knowledge. 4. **LOGIC** -- about reasoning. 5. **AESTHETICS** -- about beauty. **3 Greek Philosophizers** 1. **Socrates** 2. **Plato** 3. **Aristotle** **Philosophizing** - to think or express oneself in philosophical - to think deeply and reflectively **Methods of Philosophizing** 1. **Phenomenology --** truth based on the person's consciousness (Edmund Husserl). - philosophy of experience. 2. **Existentialism --** truth is based in exercising choices and personal freedom (Soren Kierkegaard) - "existence precedes essence" 3. **Postmodernism --** it is accepted that truth is not absolute (Jean-Francois Lyotard; Michael Foucault). - emphasizes the diversity of human experience - key principles were complexity and contradiction. 4. Analytical Tradition -- should apply logical techniques to attain conceptual clarity (Gottlob Frege; G. E. Moore) - a linguistic philosophy - emphasizes the study of language and the logical analysis of concepts - to uncover those truths of the world 5. **Logical and Critical Thinking** -- serves as paths to freedom from half-truths and deceptions (Socrates, Aristotle, John Dewey) a. **Logic** -- truth based on reasoning and critical thinking b. **Critical Thinking** -- process of using and using and assessing reasons to evaluate statements, assumptions, and arguments in ordinary situations - focus on distinguishing facts and opinions or personal feelings. **Fallacies --** one that is not based on sound reasoning or logic a. **Hasty Generalization -** conclusion w/o evidence b. **False Analogy --** because 2 things are alike in one or more respects, they are necessarily alike in some other respect. c. **False Cause --** draws conclusion that one event is directly caused by another event. d. **Ad Misericordiam --** appeal to pity. e. **Ad Ignorantiam --** has not been proved false must be true f. **Ad Hominem --** against a person g. **Ad Baculum --** force, coercion or threat h. **Ad Populum -** appeals or exploits people's vanities i. **Appeal to Tradition -** appeal to what is used to or culture j. **Bandwagon -** appeal to what the majority chose. **INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON** **Hinduism --** a part of a manifestation of Brahman, the ultimate reality. **Atman --** aum (om) symbol represents the sound that was present when the world was created **Nirguna Brahman** is the concept God has no shape or form. **Brahman** is supreme, universal spirit that is eternal and unchanging. Divine spark is also known as **Atman.** **TRIMUTRI** **Brahma -** Creator **Vishnu --** Protector **Shiva --** Destroyer Brahman, in the **Upanishads** (Indian Sacred Writing), the supreme existence or absolute reality. **4 STAGES OF BRAHMAN** - **Brahmacharya** - **Grihastha** - **Vanaprastha** - **Sannyasa** **FACTS ON HINDUISM** **Karma** **Moksha --** the ultimate spiritual goal of Hinduism (**jiva -- spirit**) **Life's continuous cycle -** samsara **Transmigration or metempsychosis --** a person's soul passes into some other creature (human or animal) **4 Primary Values of Hindus** **Wealth & Pleasure --** worldly values but when kept in perspective they are good and desirable. **Duty --** refers to patience, sincerity, fairness and love **Enlightenment --** one is illuminated and liberated; understand the law. **BUDDHISM** **Siddharta Gautama (Buddha) --** founder **Dharma (Law of Salvation) -** the doctrine. **Identifying Principles of Buddhism** - **Impermanence** - **Non-self** - **Nirvana** - **Suffering** **Final Nirvana** is attained at the same time of an **[enlightened being's]** death. **4 DHARMA SEALS** All complicated things are impermanent. All contaminated things are suffering. All phenomena are empty and devoid of self. Nirvana is peace. **STATES OF SUBLIME CONDITIONS** Love Sorrow of others Joy in the joy of others Equanimity on one's own joy and sorrow **TRIRATNA "Three Jewels"** - **Buddha** - **Dhamma** - **Sangha** **4 NOBLE TRUTH** 1. Life is full of suffering. 2. Suffering is caused by ignorance and selfish desire. 3. If ignorance and desire is reduced, suffering is reduced. 4. The only way to overcome suffering is the path to enlightenment. **EIGHTFOLD PATH** - **Right View** - **Right Thinking** - **Right Speech** - **Right Action** - **Right Livelihood** - **Right Diligence** - **Right Mindfulness** - **Right Concentration** **CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY** The love of God Christianity is the only full and true philosophy Wisdom is existent as the Divine Logos Only the pure heart shall see God Speculative Mysticism -- St. Augustine's theory of knowledge **3 Levels of Existence** Mere being Living being Rational being **Main Theory of St. Augustine** The Earth was brought into existence ex nihilo by a perfectly good and just God, who created man. **The Theory of Illumination** There are only two sources of knowledge, namely the bodily senses and the mind. **THE HUMAN PERSON IN THE ENVIRONMENT** **Models of Environment** **Cosmos-centric Approach --** places the highest importance in the universe or nature. **Ancient Greek** - **Thales** - **Anaximander** - **Anaximeres** - **Heraclitus** - **Empedocles** **Theocentric Approach --** is the belief that God is the central aspect to existence. **ANTHROPOS (man) + CENTRIC** put the human person in dominion over earth but de-emphasizes the role of God. **ANTHROPOCENTRIC MODEL** - **Human** - **Culture** - **Individualism** - **Mind** - **Calculative** - **Human against environments** - **Global/Technological** The **ecological or relational integrity** of the humans provides meanings our morals and values. **ECOCENTRIC MODEL** - **Nature** - **Wild** - **Holism** - **Nature/Cosmos** - **Body** - **Relational** - **Earth/Wisdom** - **Ecology against Humans** **CARBON FOOTPRINTS** Calculating your carbon footprint **CF CATEGORIES:** - **Construction** - **Shelter** - **Food** - **Clothing** - **Mobility** - **Manufacture Goods** - **Service** - **Trade** **ANCIENT THINKERS** **Anaximander --** nature is spatially without boundaries **Cosmogony (genesis of the world) -** the study of the origin and development of the universe **Pythagoras --** universe is a living embodiment of nature's order, harmony and beauty **Biophilia (**love of other living things) **Cosmophilia** (love of other living beings)  **Chinese Cosmic Concept --** all that happens in this is a continuous cycle like a chain of natural consequences. **Primeval Pair** (yang and yin) **The New Is the Repetition of the Old** **MODERN THINKERS** **Immanuel Kant --** space (and time) are not objective, self-subsisting realities. "Transcendental Idealism" emphasizes a distinction between what we can experience and what we cannot. **Herbert Marcuse --** humanity is dominated nature **George Herbert Mead -** "as human beings, we do not only have rights but duties. **DEEP ECOLOGY (Arne Naess) --** promote the inherent worth of all living beings. Ecological crisis is an outcome of anthropocentrism. **SOCIAL ECOLOGY (**Murray Bookchin) **-** rooted in the traditional public health model of host--agent--environment, developed to study the relationship between human populations (host), disease pathogens (agent), and the physical setting in which people live and work (environment). Ecological crisis results from authoritarian social structures **ECOFEMINISM (**Françoise d\'Eaubonne) -- rooted in the traditional public health model of host--agent--environment, developed to study the relationship between human populations (host), disease pathogens (agent), and the physical setting in which people live and work (environment). Ecological crisis is a consequence of male dominance **Erich fromm (2013) proposed "new society"**