Reviewer in Philosophy PDF

**Philosophy** - Philo -- love; Sophia -- wisdom - Philosophy is defined as the science that by natural light of reason studies the first causes or highest principles of all things because it is an organized body of knowledge. - Philosophy is defined as Natural Light of Reason because...

**Philosophy** - Philo -- love; Sophia -- wisdom - Philosophy is defined as the science that by natural light of reason studies the first causes or highest principles of all things because it is an organized body of knowledge. - Philosophy is defined as Natural Light of Reason because it uses a philosopher's natural capacity to think or human reason or the so-called unaided reason. - Philosophy is defined as study of all things because it is multidimensional or holistic. **Terms that Characterize Philosophy** **Criticism** - is a process of commenting or giving a judgment, even if it's positive or negative **Wonder** - to be filled with curiosity or doubt\" **Interpretation** - What word that means the demonstration of ideas **Basis** - distinguishes both Validity and Truth, Genuine and Essential ideals? **Wander** - is a walk or move in a leisurely, casual, or aimless way? **Speculation** - being satisfied **Deduction** - a knowledge acquisition approach that forms general ideas through the examination of particular facts **Beliefs** - these are statements that express convictions that are not easily explained by facts. **Branches of Philosophy** **Metaphysics** - fundamental and necessary drive in every human being to know what is real **Epistemology** - deals with nature, sources, limitations, and validity of knowledge **Aesthetics** - is the science of the beautiful in its various manifestations **Ethics** - branch of Philosophy insists that obedience to moral law be given a rational foundation **Logic** - branch of Philosophy wherein reasoning is the concern **Philosophers and their Contribution to Philosophy** **Plato** - the philosopher who said, \'To be happy is to live a virtuous life? **Thales** - claims that everything we experience is water ("reality") and everything else is "appearance\" **Zeno** - the Stoic philosopher who coined the word Logic **Plato** -- the philosopher who said that nothing we experience in the physical world with our five senses is real **Aristotle** - the first philosopher to devise a logical method and to him, truth means the agreement of knowledge with reality **H.G. Gadamer** - German philosopher who argues that our tastes and judgments regarding beauty work in connection with one's own **Siddharta Gautama** - set the "Four Noble Truths" **Erich Fromm** - believes that human beings have biological urge for survival that turns into selfishness and laziness as well as the inherent desire to escape the prison cell of selfishness to experience union with others **Thomas Merton** - the philosopher who defined Transcendence as there is no other way to find who we are than by finding in ourselves the divine image? **Versions of Logic** **Eastern Version** -- a comprehensive outlook in life when cyclic in life, unity, philosophy is a religion, and revert to extra logical are being practiced **Western Version** - applies logic, use of consciousness and always manifests diversity **Filipino Philosophy** **LOOB: Holistic and Interior Dimensions** - shows sharing of oneself to others wherein interiority manifests itself to freedom **Filipino Philosophy of Time** - A human being is like a bird who flies up and goes down" **Bahala Na** - This literally means to leave everything to God or putting complete trust to the Divine providence. **CONCEPTS in HINDUISM** **Hinduism -** Transcendental Philosophy that conveys \"the idea of human beings' quest for absolute truth, so that one's soul and the Brahman or Atman (Absolute Soul) might become one **Samsara** - continuous cycle in Hinduism **Karma** - Hinduism's law of sowing and reaping **Atman** - meaning of real self in Hinduism **Vidya** - True knowledge consists of an understanding and realization of the individual's real self as opposed to lower knowledge that is limited to an interpretation of reality based solely on the data offered by sense experience **Concepts in Buddhism** **Dharma** - Law of Salvation meaning in Gautama's life **Nirvana** - The way to salvation lies through self-abnegation, rigid discipline of mind and body, a consuming love for all living creatures, and the final achievement of that state of consciousness which marks an individual's full preparation for entering the enlightened wisdom of complete selflessness. **Peace** - Buddhist's practice that does NOT belong to the four states of sublime condition. **Failure** -- a force that moves us to confront our weaknesses and limitations and to surrender to a mystery or look upon a bigger world. **Loneliness** - is our choice to live in an impossible world where we are always "happy" or to accept a life where solitude and companionship have a part **HUMANS AND ENVIRONMENT** **Anthropocentric Model** - concept that represents humans are superior and central to the universe? **Ecocentric Model** - ecological or relational integrity of the humans provides meaning of our morals and values **Social Ecology** - In caring for environment, which calls for small-scale societies, which recognize that humanity is linked with the well-being of the natural world in which human life depends **Ecofeminism** - freeing nature and humanity and removing the superior vs. inferior in human relations **Deep Ecology** - encourages humanity to shift away from anthropocentrism to ecocentrism in caring for environment. **Modern Thinkers** - a group where Immanuel Kant belongs when he expresses that beauty is ultimately a symbol of moral **Ancient Thinkers** - regarded \"nature\" as spatially without boundaries, that is, as infinite or indefinite in extent