Philosophy PDF

PHILOSOPHY To Love of Wisdom - philo (to love) - sophia (wisdom) - defined as a critical examination of belief based on the light of human reason THALES OF MILETUS - First Greek Mathematician and Greek Philosopher - Predicted Solar Eclipse SOCRATES - “Father of Western - Philosop...

PHILOSOPHY To Love of Wisdom - philo (to love) - sophia (wisdom) - defined as a critical examination of belief based on the light of human reason THALES OF MILETUS - First Greek Mathematician and Greek Philosopher - Predicted Solar Eclipse SOCRATES - “Father of Western - Philosophy” - Socratic Method PLATO - Plato believed that reality is - divided into two parts: the - ideal and the phenomena. - The Republic ARISTOTLE - “Father of Biology” - The Universal ( Mnemonics: Tall Students Play Around) Wisdom is the goal of philosophizing in general. NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY A. Principle of Identity. - This principles states that whatever is, is; and whatever is not is not. B. Principle of Non-Contradiction. - This principle states that it is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same time and at the same respect. C. Principle of Excluded Middle. - This principle states that a thing is either is or is not; everything must be either be or not be; betweenbeing and not being, there is no middle ground possible.  D. Principle of Sufficient Reason. - This principle states that nothing exists without a sufficient reason for its being and existence. BRANCHES Ethics - branch of philosophy that explores the nature of moral virtue and evaluates the morality and virtue of human actions + Ethicists the ones who study morality from the perspective of philosophy Metaphysics - an extension of the fundamental and necessary drive in every human being to know what is real. A. Ontology (of Being and Thought) B. Rational Psychology (of the Soul) C. Cosmology(of the Cosmos) D. Natural Theology (Proofs of the Reality of God) Aesthetics - the science of the beautiful in its various manifestations + Importance of Aesthetics (Ramos 2019) - bring us in touch with our nature - help us live more deeply and richly - vitalizes our knowledge Logic ( Greek: Logike) was coined by Zeno the Stoic - the study of correct reasoning. + Reasoning - is the concern of the logician. - the activity of drawing inferences. + Inferences - the process of reasoning and hat we think is true to what else is true Epistemology - Deals with the nature, sources, limitations, and validity of knowledge + Empiricism - is the view that knowledge can be attained only  + Rationalist - view emphasize that real knowledge comes from logic, laws, and methods that reason develops. L2 Knowledge - The clear awareness and understanding of something. It is the product of questions that allow for clear answers provided by facts. - Base on reality - What we know is observable or evident in the real world Facts - Propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful. Claim - A statement that is not evidently or immediately known to be true. - They require further examination to establish whether it is true or false. HOW WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW DOUBT - A state of indecision or hesitancy with respect to accepting or rejecting a given proposition. - It drives our desire to look and discover truth. BELIEF - Statements that express convictions that are not easily explained by facts. OPINIONS - The basis for making arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is a fact. - They are often influenced by bias. CONCLUSION - Judgment based on certain facts. EXPLANATION - Statements that assume the claim is true and provide reasons why the statement is true. ARGUMENTS - Series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.  BIAS - Personal views of the person - Tendencies or influences that affects the views of people FALLACY - An idea that a lot of people think is true but false. - Misleading argument. LOGICAL FALLACIES 1. AD HOMINEM - Attacking the person making the argument, rather than addressing the argument the person is making 2. AD BACULUM (Force ) - Using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument 3. AD MISERICORDIA (Pity) - Using emotions such as pity and sympathy 4. AD POPULUM (Majority/Popularity) - The idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it. 5. AD ANTIQUITATEM (Tradition) - The idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time. 6. AD VERECUNDIAM (Authority) - Misusing of authority 7. HASTY GENERALIZATION - There are too few instances or evidence to support such a conclusion.