Philosophy 1st Semester 2024-2025 2nd Quarter Exam PDF

PHILOSOPHY PHILO 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y 2024-2025 | 2ND QUARTER EXAMINATION PHILOSOPHY (PHILO) Does not involve the consciousness of...

PHILOSOPHY PHILO 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y 2024-2025 | 2ND QUARTER EXAMINATION PHILOSOPHY (PHILO) Does not involve the consciousness of the human person. Automatic or reflexive. I. HUMAN DIGNITY AND FREEDOM Actus Humanus (Human Acts) Voluntary/Rational Human dignity is the inherent worth or Uses knowledge, freedom, intrinsic value of the human person. voluntariness. Immanuel Kant Classification of Freedom “Every man is to be respected as an Positive Freedom absolute end in himself; and it is a Freedom to do something. crime against the dignity that belongs Negative Freedom to him as a human being to use him as Freedom from something. a mere means for some external purpose.” Jean Paul Sartre The point is simple: humanness and “Existence precedes essence” human dignity. At the beginning of man’s existence, he ○ Recognition that the other is does not yet have a purpose. an equal human being. Man is condemned to be free! ○ Ergo, the recognition of one’s ○ We are not created for a value and worth begins with a specified purpose. recognition of the ○ We are the only ones who “humanness” of the other could define ourselves. person”. ○ We can become whatever we choose to make of ourselves. Human Freedom Freedom (or liberty) is a fundamental II. FREEDOM, LIMITATIONS, AND component of our human identity and ACCOUNTABILITY one which separates us from other animals (Svendsen, 2014). Freedom means being able to originate an act Sartrean Concept of Freedom from within ourselves, being “Freedom” is not the freedom to just self-determined, not other do something or anything. “You are determined. free” because the person always has a Deals with actions that are not forced, choice, “therefore choose”. controlled, or necessitated in any way. Freedom is the capacity to choose. Freedom is the ability of humans to act on their own power without any form Realizations from the Concept of Freedom of compulsion (Davies, 2009). Freedom Has Limitations ○ Defining freedom as the Acts of The Human Person capacity to do whatever one Actus Hominis (Acts of Man) wants contradicts the fact that Involuntary freedom has its limits.  PHILOSOPHY PHILO 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y 2024-2025 | 2ND QUARTER EXAMINATION ○ Realistically, we are bounded Jewish Philosopher by limitations: natural, Had a Communication Theory that is interpersonal, and anchored to Dialogue. sociohistorical factors. Levels of Relationship Freedom and Accountability Social ○ We will always choose, and as Life of a group bound together by such, whatever actions that we common experiences and reactions. do and choose to do, we are This relationship is referred to as the therefore always held I-It Relationship. accountable for them. “I” is the subject and “It” is a person ○ Liability and culpability due to treated as an object. our actions and decisions are Depicts separateness, all accorded to us “being the disconnectedness, and detachment. sources of actions and Focused on experience and sensation. decisions”. This relationship is referred to as Monologue. Freedom and Responsibility ○ Cliché as it may sound, but Interhuman still, freedom indeed entails Relationship between and among responsibility. humans. ○ We are obligated to have This relationship is referred to as the rationally justifiable reasons I-Thou Relationship. for our actions and exercise “I” is the subject and “Thou” is another prudence in making our subject. decisions. This relationship is the very essence of ○ In its authentic sense, human Intersubjectivity. freedom involves a deeper It is a “relationship” if it is reciprocal. sense of responsibility, not just It focuses on encounters and for yourself and your actions, relationships. but to those that may be Also referred to as Dialogue. potentially affected by them. Buber reminds us that human life is actually a mixture of both Social and Interhuman III. INTERSUBJECTIVITY relationships. - The question is what is pre-dominant of our Intersubjectivity relationships. This refers to the condition of man, a - The dominance of an I-It relationship may subject, among other men, who are result in apathy. also subjects. Sharing the subjective states by two or Obstacles to Dialogue more individuals. 1. Seeming than being An approach governed by the image Martin Buber one desires to impress on the other.  PHILOSOPHY PHILO 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y 2024-2025 | 2ND QUARTER EXAMINATION Likened to wearing a mask to cover the but not knowing the true person. capabilities of our love. The confusion between the 2. Speechifying rather than making initial state of falling in love present and the permanent standing in Hearing without listening. love. In essence, passively listening rather than understanding or engaging with a The Experience of Loving person. 1. Loneliness and Love a. Dy asserts that the experience of love 3. Imposition rather than unfolding begins from the experience of Holding oneself over the other. loneliness. This is when we hold someone to a b. The answer to the problem of specific standard rather than let them loneliness is the reaching out to the be themselves. other person as an other. Love is the answer to the problem of loneliness. Towards a Phenomenology of Love Dr. Manny Dy 2. Love is an Encounter Misconceptions About Love a. A loving encounter is a meeting of ○ Love is the same as romance. persons. ○ Love is an act of possession. b. The meeting of persons is not simply ○ Love is lust. making acquaintances, nor an ○ Love is admiration. exchange of pleasant remarks. It involves an embodiment of intimacy, of Erich Fromm a deeper meaning. In the Art of Loving, he mentions that c. The deeper meaning here in love the popular notion of love at present is happens when two persons, who are “falling in love”. This may be because: free to be themselves, choose to share The emphasis on being love rather than on themselves. It is a communication of loving. selves. This means imitating acts of love, but not actually loving 3. Love is Reciprocal the person on an intimate a. Giving to the other myself requires level. their acceptance. Is it then concerned Love will show itself not just in only with the other, and not at all actions. It should come across myself? For Manuel Dy, no, love is not as natural. only about the other, it is also the The emphasis on the object loved rather authentic concern for the self. than the faculty of loving. Essentially, the object loved 4. Love is Creative makes falling in love hurtful. a. When love is reciprocated, love We always strive to learn how becomes fruitful; it becomes creative. to be loved, how to be lovable, What is created in love is growth, self-realization, and fulfillment.  PHILOSOPHY PHILO 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y 2024-2025 | 2ND QUARTER EXAMINATION As such, the greatest tragedy that can 5. Union of Love happen to a lover is when the a. Love turns the “I’s” into “We’s” sacredness of the other Is betrayed – when trust has been broken, when we 6. Love is Historical devalue the other person. a. Love is historical because the other who is the point at issue in love is a concrete particular person, not an abstract one. b. In other words, love is different people IV. MAN AS A SOCIAL BEING with completely different experiences connected to this concrete particular Man as a Social Being existing person. To say that they are Much of the details about ourselves abstract is to say their identity could that you have mentioned when not be understood. answering “tell me about yourself” are products of natural, interpersonal, and 7. Love is Equal sociohistorical events. a. The equality in love is the equality of Man always has a social situatedness. being not of having. In love, I do not surrender my liberty to the other, I do ○ Man cannot exist in a vacuum; not become a slave of the other. In a void, we are already born in love, two freedoms become one and a particular social context. each other become more free. For example, the Preamble of 1987 8. Characteristics of Love Constitution speaks of a society that 1. Eternal we desire for the Philippines: a just and Love is not given only for a limited humane society. period of time. We do not make ○ The society should be just for friends on the basis that they are only the people; and vice versa for our neighbors; nor sign of contracts the people, individually, should saying we will only be friends for three be just for the society. and a half years. “You know that you have loved someone when you have glimpsed in them that which is too beautiful to die.” - Gabriel Marcel 2. Sacred Love is the gift of a person of their own self to the other person, because of this their relationship becomes sacred. It is sealed with trust, intimacy, and even shared secrets. Persons are valuable in themselves.  PHILOSOPHY PHILO 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y 2024-2025 | 2ND QUARTER EXAMINATION The Ideal Society (Plato’s The Republic) 3. The state is prior to the existence of Plato insists that there are three parts of a the individual society; each corresponding to the parts of a The state has to exist first in order for soul. the individual to have a whole to be part of. 1. Philosophers (Guardians, Rational Part) a. These would rule. They would specially be trained to ensure order and justice. Philosophizing About the Social 2. Soldiers (Emotional Part) Kinds of Society (Karl Marx) a. Defend the state. 1. Primitive Communal - Depends on 3. Workers (Appetitive Part) hunting and gathering. a. Produce necessities for the state. 2. Slave - Involves class of slaves and slave owners for activities of production. Man as a Social Being (According to Aristotle) 3. Feudal - Involves rulers, subjects or 1. Men and women have a natural desire peasants, and merchants for to propagate their species production. The existence of a human being is 4. Capitalist - Involves bourgeoisie or dependent on two people. Not a property owners and proletariat byproduct of one person, but two (workers, laborers) for production. people like us; who had recognized the necessity to be with one another. Then after marriage (formation of the first Theoretical Approaches human community), it leads to bigger Macrotheoretical communities; and as it continues to Focuses on the large and use them as expand, it becomes what we call: basic units of analysis (e.g. societies society (state). This is further and social structures). supported by an idea in sociology that How the bigger or particular group or the first unit of society is none other culture would impact the person, than the family. molding them and how they are as a person. 2. Humans are capable of speech Microtheoretical Necessarily implies man’s sense of Focuses on the small (e.g. individuals, good and evil, of just and unjust. their goals, and intentions). As beings having the said capacity, humans then are capable of forming a In conclusion, the social is the generator of family and, eventually, a state and are identity. also capable of doing the good for the The individual is shaped by the society community. in terms of their identity and values.  PHILOSOPHY PHILO 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y 2024-2025 | 2ND QUARTER EXAMINATION V. HABERMAS ON DISCOURSE VI. A BEING TOWARDS DEATH Jürgen Habermas (1929-) Uncertainties about Death Modern society also depends upon the About the afterlife people’s ability to criticize and reason Of reaching the end collectively about existing traditions. On whether we get rewards ○ We as a people have the ability We lose control or capacity to criticize. When The way that we are remembered we criticize, the goal is for improvement. A Phenomenology of Death ○ Therefore, we must always be Is a certainty open to see that sometimes Does not discriminate there are points that need Can befall us anytime improvement. Is the antithesis of life ○ This is what Communicative Reason is all about. Philosophizing on The Inevitable Dr Manuel Dy, Jr. Communicative Reason occurs in ○ ‘Not-Yet’ public spheres; places where people We are ‘human’, but our humanity is could gather and debate. not complete. To fully complete ○ It is not just a literal place, but ourselves, it is to live ourselves, and to avenues for communicative die is to complete it. reason. It can be: social media, ○ Ahead-of-himself online forums, classrooms, and Refers to how man knows they will die. essentially anywhere people During conception, man is grounded in can exchange ideas. nothingness. However, this ‘nothingness’ is connected to the Discourse on every level of society is ‘ownmost’ possibility of what man can necessary for it serves to remind be. That man can be something more, people of their place and functions in he cannot merely stay in his present or the society. that nothing matters. Discourse also reminds the state; Man will die, and so man must make a society as a whole to maintain meaning out of their own life. Life will willingness to be open to criticisms only become meaningful when you from the individuals. make it meaningful. Karl Rahner “Death constitutes the highest act of freedom of the human person, it is because death involves the whole human personness.”. Martin Heidegger “Man is a being towards death.”  PHILOSOPHY PHILO 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y 2024-2025 | 2ND QUARTER EXAMINATION Death is a personal experience. We know so much about death, but they are not personal experiences of it. We only talk about a secondhand death. “One also dies at the end, but for now one is not involved” (Martin Heidegger in Being and Time (1927) Leads us into thinking that “my death is mine, and mine alone, and it can happen anytime.” Heidegger tells us that when faced with the reality of death, man experiences angst– a sudden experience of the reality of the whole of existence slowly drifting into nothingness. Angst reveals the fact that as soon as one lives, one has also began to die. Authenticity in the face of death To hide from the reality of is essentially to run away from ourselves. As soon as we are born, we have already begun to die. ○ However, to face death is not about actualizing it. ○ Rather, the authentic response and disposition to death is anticipation. We allow death to have an impact on our present. ○ If I take death into my life, acknowledge it, and face it squarely, I will free myself from the anxiety of death and the pettiness of life – and only then will I be free to become myself. ○ In order to find a answer to “Who am I” will only be found when you die.