Freedom of the Human Person PDF

Freedom of the Human must use his or her freedom to Person grow as a person. What is Freedom? it is an intrinsic and Human Acts VS. Act of Man essential property of the Human Acts person. human acts, on the other hand,...

Freedom of the Human must use his or her freedom to Person grow as a person. What is Freedom? it is an intrinsic and Human Acts VS. Act of Man essential property of the Human Acts person. human acts, on the other hand, it is the person’s ability are actions that are done with to make choices and full awareness, deliberate perform actions. The intention, and the use of free human person’s freedom will. sets them apart from actions done consciously and other beings. freely by the agent/or by man the freedom of the human Essential Qualities of Human Acts: person is often knowledge of the act understood as the freedom capacity to make voluntariness autonomous choices and shape one’s own life, free Acts of Man from undue external acts of man are actions that constraints. occur without the involvement of deliberate choice or Kinds of Freedom conscious control Physical Freedom - refers to actions beyond one’s the absence of any physical consciousness; not dependent restraint. The person has the on the intellect & the will freedom of mobility to go Essential Qualities of Acts of Man: where he or she wants to go. done without knowledge Psychological Freedom - is without consent also called freedom of involuntary choice. The person is free to perform actions that he or St. Thomas Aquinas she consider right and wise. Love is Freedom The person is also free to act Human beings have the unique or not to act. power to change themselves Moral Freedom - refers to and their surroundings, aiming using freedom in a manner for a higher state of being in that upholds human dignity cooperation with God's will. and goodness. Freedom is St. Thomas emphasizes that not an object that a person love, not law, is humanity's may use in whatever way he guiding force, leading them to or she pleases. A person self-perfection and ultimate happiness through their free safeguard against their natural choices. tendency to conflict and war with one another. Spiritual Freedom To ensure self-preservation, St. Thomas Aquinas humans must enter into a established the existence mutual agreement that of God as a first cause of promotes cooperation and all God's creations, protection within the human beings have the community. unique power to change themselves and things Jean Paul Sartre around them for the Individual Freedom better. Sartre's existentialism As humans, we are both emphasizes that humans are material and spiritual. We the creators of their own have a conscience destiny, choosing their path because of our freely without being influenced spirituality. God is love or coerced by others. and Love is our destiny. To be human, according to Sartre, is to be free—free to Thomas Hobbes imagine, choose, and take Theory of Social Contract responsibility for one’s life. Hobbes thinks that to end the continuous and Elements of Freedom self - destructive There are two elements that define condition of warfare, freedom: humanity founded the Voluntariness: The ability to state with its sovereign act freely, deciding to do or power of control by not do something based on means of a mutual personal choice, with moral consent. implications and consequences. Responsibility: Being Jean Jacques Rousseau accountable for one's actions Social Contract and their effects, whether He is the most famous voluntarily or through the and influential judgment of others. philosopher of the French Enlightenment, argued in "The Social Contract" that human beings need to form a civil community to Important factors to consider in Freedom should be exercised to the exercise of Freedom, these uphold the freedom of others are: Freedom must be exercised in Prudence: The ability to a way that supports and govern oneself using reason, enables the freedom of others, allowing for cautious ensuring that it is not used as a decision-making that tool to restrict their rights. considers potential outcomes. How can I exercise my freedom in Self-Reflection: The practice a respectful and beneficial of evaluating one’s decisions manner? to ensure they are rational Human freedom must be and consider their potential exercised with control, impact on oneself and others recognizing reasonable limits. Freedom requires making Exercising Freedom in a informed choices based on Responsible and Beneficial knowledge and truth. Manner Respecting others' freedom is Freedom should be exercised essential, ensuring that our with control and reasonable actions do not restrict their limits. rights. Freedom should be exercised with control and reasonable Choices have consequences and boundaries, acknowledging some things are given up while that it is not absolute and others are obtained in making requires us to recognize what choices. is right and wrong. The idea that "choices have Freedom should be exercised consequences and some things are with regard for knowledge and given up while others are obtained truth in making choices" reflects the Freedom should be exercised fundamental nature of decision- with consideration for making and personal freedom. In knowledge and truth, as philosophy, particularly in ethical rational beings use their and existential thought, every freedom to acquire choice we make comes with trade- knowledge, enabling them to offs—by choosing one course of make informed and sound action, we necessarily forego other decisions. possibilities. This concept is often referred to as opportunity cost, where making a decision in favor of one thing means sacrificing alternative options that could Understanding Intersubjective also have been pursued. Human Relations Key Aspects of this Idea: Intersubjectivity Consequences of Choices: The term intersubjectivity is Every action or decision originally coined by the philosopher carries consequences, both Edmund Husseri (1859-1938). It is intended and unintended. most simply stated as the These consequences can be interchange of thoughts and positive or negative, affecting feelings, both conscious and not only the individual unconscious, Between two persons making the choice but also or “subjects,” as facilitated by others around them. empathy. Giving Up Some Things: When making a choice, In simpler definition, individuals must let go of intersubjectivity is the shared other potential outcomes or perception of reality among two or opportunities. This is an more individuals. It is made inherent part of exercising possible by the awareness of the freedom. Choosing one path self and the other. often closes off others. Obtaining Some Things: Jean-Paul Sartre On the flip side, making Also discussed the idea of “the choices can lead to gains or Other” in existentialism, explaining rewards, which may include how we often try to define others tangible benefits (like money, based on our preconceptions. status, or success) or intangible ones (like personal Explain that Authentic Dialogue fulfillment, moral satisfaction, means Accepting others even if or spiritual growth). Choosing they are Different from Themselves one path often opens new opportunities and Authenticity experiences, which can shape “Being true to oneself” a person's identity and “Personal authenticity is often worldview. defined as being true and honest with oneself and others, having a credibility in one’s words and behavior, and an absence of pretense” - Ben G. Yacobi, the limits of Authenticity Being authentic, for Authentic Dialogue philosophers, is to be free from Dialogue is more than just talking “inauthenticity” which, to or discussing with another according to existentialists, is person. it is “shared inquiry”. It is constructed by social not just communicating, but also relationships, cultural values, sharing and relating to people. and norms. For Martin Buber, dialogue is not a “purposive attempt” to exchange Philosopher’s Conceptions of or express points of view in order Authenticity to come to a conclusion but is a Søren Aabye Kierkegaard was a prerequisite to an “authentic Danish theologian, philosopher, relationship” between man and poet, social critic, and religious man and man and go. author who is widely considered “True dialogue”, for Buber, is to be the first Christian characterized by openness, honest, existentialist philosopher. The and mutual commitment. Father of Existentialism Much of his philosophical work Martin Buber deals with the issues of how Buber regards existence as an one lives as a "single encounter. He explained that our individual", giving priority to interactions with individuals, the concrete human reality over world, and reality can be abstract thinking and categorized into “modes of being”. highlighting the importance of personal choice and Buber philosophized that we have commitment. two modes of being: “Life can only be understood Ich-Du (I-Thou or I-You) - backwards, but it must be lived dialogue forwards” Ich-Es (I-It) - monologue Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) Ich-Du (I-Thou or I-You) was a German philosopher Ich-Du is a relationship that gives whose work is perhaps most importance to the mutual readily associated with encounter of authentic beings. phenomenology and This relationship happens in an existentialism, “We are being encounter when two beings meet thrown into this world” “Your one another in their “authentic destiny can't be changed but, it existence” without needing to can be challenged. Every man is qualify or objectify one another. born as many men and dies as a single one.” According to Buber, this Authentic Dialogue relationship has no structure Authentic dialogue cannot happen and communicates no when there are roles involved. information. It also cannot be Authentic dialogue requires that measured. we understand and accept that The two beings coming people are different from us, with together in knowledge of their their unique individuality and authentic selves should not personalities. require anything from each other, but their relationship Authenticity is being the true and exists and is perceivable. sincere with what one is, free from Authentic dialogue can only dictates of society, culture, and come from this Ich-Du other ideals which are outside of encounter. us. For Buber, the ultimate I-Thou relationship is the relationship Authentic dialogue is an encounter a person has with God. We do that happens when there is an not give a role to God (as acceptance of the authentic selves savior, protector, etc.) in our of other people. lives and we do not use God for our personal interest. The Perform activities that relationship simply exists demonstrate the talents of persons because both understand their with disabilities and those from connection with one another. the underprivileged sectors of society Ich-Es (I-It) The underprivileged sector in the Ich-Es is a relationship that society happens when beings qualify Underprivileged people usually other beings as objects. live in poverty. When we qualify beings as The people who are objects, we are assigning a role underprivileged lack such to them. We perceive them as rights and advantages and may beings as they relate to how not have access to healthy they fulfill our personal food or good medical care. interests. Poverty may increase the risk When we qualify beings as of disability objects, we fail to see that they are complete people outside of 1. ART EXHIBITS - Persons with our relationship with them. disabilities and those from underprivileged sectors can showcase their artistic talents through art exhibits. This can How do Individuals form include paintings, sculptures, Societies? and other forms of art. The person is by nature a social 2. MUSIC AND DANCE being because he or she has the PERFORMANCES- Persons tendency to go out of himself or with disabilities and those from herself to form bonds and underprivileged sectors can relationships with others. demonstrate their musical and dancing abilities through Social Contract Theory (Thomas performances. This can include Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean concerts, recitals, and other live Jacques Rousseau) performances. An agreement where individuals 3. SPORTS EVENTS - Persons sacrifice an amount of their with disabilities can showcase freedom and submit to a higher their athletic abilities through authority. In this way, society is sports events such as able to function and meet the wheelchair basketball, blind needs of the many, ensuring the soccer, and other adaptive survival of humanity. sports. For Thomas Hobbes, persons in 4. COOKING COMPETITIONS their natural states are governed - Persons from underprivileged by their desires and these often sectors can demonstrate their lead to conflict with their culinary skills through cooking fellowmen. competitions. This can include Unlike Hobbes, Locke considered local food festivals, cooking persons in their natural states as shows, and other culinary more cooperative and reasonable, events. and that society is formed through the consent of the individuals that The Human Person in Society organized it. Rousseau believed that even if the What is society? people are the ones who organized Society is an organized society and established an group of people whose authority or government, in members interact frequently extreme cases, the government is and have a common able to impose its will on the territory and culture. people. Society also refers to John Rawls introduced a version of companionship or friendly the natural state which he called association with others, an the original position to explain alliance, a community, or a social formation. He imagined union. humans as having a “veil of ignorance,” or no knowledge of semi-nomadic one’s own characteristics such similar to the pastoral society, as gender, race, or social status. there is also a surplus of goods In this state, humans would assignment of tasks and naturally seek a just and fair occupations were often based society in an effort to look out on gender for their own interests. Agrarian or Agricultural Society a further evolution of the David Gauthier described pastoral and horticultural people’s self-interest as a societies significant factor in building large-scale and long-term and maintaining societies. cultivation of crops and domestication of animals Common Good have improve technology and The common good refers to the the use of tools to aid in social conditions which enable farming persons and groups to fulfill have increased production, their goals and achieve well- giving rise to a growing being. population Feudal Society Different Forms of Societies based on the ownership of land Hunting and Gathering Society organized based on status earliest and simplest form of social relations: dependence society lord depends vassals’ small size resources, vassals depend composed mainly of families peasants’ service, peasants nomadic depend vassals’ protection Pastoral Society Industrial Society domestication of animals for use of specialized machinery in food the production of goods and have larger populations than services hunting and gathering technological advances brought societies about by industrial revolution remain longer in one place resulted in improved trade and produce surplus food and commerce resources greater inequalities in wealth, Horticultural Society power, and influence small-scale cultivation of people interact with individuals plants, fruits, and vegetables from different social settings and the domestication of animals Post-Industrial Society encourage and passed on to other based on knowledge, members. (Abella, 2016) information, and the sale of 2. Laws - more formal and services stringent norms that establish and led by human mind, aided define acceptable behavior of the by highly advance citizen. (Abella, 2016) technology 3. Folkways - are less formal norms generation, storage, that arise from tradition and do manipulation, and sale of not result in punishment when information violated. (Abella, 2016) member of society: have 4. Social Values - are actions or higher educational ideals that are considered attainment, better training important by society. (Abella, 2016) and specialized roles Virtual Society How does Society enable me to organized people through become a better person? communication technology Society recognizes the capability and internet of the person to develop, and a product of a post- provides its members with industrial society opportunities to better themselves engage in a complex Effective and efficient public relationships service, education, and the do not necessarily maintenance of peace and order subscribe to certain norms ensures productive lives and or established standards of realize our potential. behavior Various institutions and groups How are Individuals develop well-adjusted and transformed by societies? productive members, promote It is through our interactions individual dignity of persons and with other individuals and guarantees that they are able to institutions that we begin to live harmoniously with others adopt the traits, traditions, and characteristics. Social systems ensures welfare of the person in society 4 Factors that Influence Individuals by Society 1. Norms - which are set of traits and behavior that society considers acceptable and are thus Apart from choosing not to be Understanding Human Being as fully defined by society, persons Oriented Towards their can also undertake to contribute Impending Death to society through their decisions and actions. How does the reality of death A person can contribute to a define our lives? social change by enacting and Death is commonly understood as upholding his or her social the end of bodily functions which responsibilities well. signals the end of a person's life. It also refers to the separation of Upholding Common Good and the body and the spirit. Welfare in Respective Societies support democratic values How I should live my life before it cooperate with members of finally ends? the community and other Self-determination is the capacity institutions to choose and act for oneself. A uphold values and goals of person can still exercise freedom their respective societies in choosing how to face the reality continues to be oriented of death in their lives. toward what is good and beneficial for all What is the end of this life? An Individual’s Actions can also Two Particular Concepts: cause Great Changes in Society 1. Terminus which means the full Numerous opportunities stop or end of a line. For them, provided nowadays by improved life ends and nothing follows. technology and access to 2. Telos which means "goal, information, have given ordinary purpose, or fulfillment". Death people (non-political/non- is not the goal of life. influential) the means to be sources of social change What makes you happy? themselves Ancient Greek philosophy Organizing themselves into considers happiness as an groups that Advocate certain achievement and must be Causes gained by living a productive The concerted effort of many and moral life. groups often bring about a social Happiness is a "whole-life movement, which is a large-scale satisfaction" based on our action done by various groups evaluation of our overall life and organizations in pursuit of a experiences. common goal to bring about Happiness is a state of being change. and not merely an emotional experience or a chosen mental How do happiness, suffering, and attitude. death give meaning to your life? Portmanteau The Goods / Sources of As we approach our death, we Happiness experience both happiness and Noble good is one which is suffering. Although these are pursued for its own sake; it distinct experiences, the two are is good in itself (Example: not really meant to be complete love & friendship) opposites, for there may be Useful good is considered instances when they enrich one good so long as it serves as another. The pursuit of happiness a means to an end; its requires that we go through the goodness is found only effort to achieve it. Our efforts are from what it can provide often marked by difficulties and (Example: money) discouragement. Pleasurable good is good so long as it provides some Death’ Implication for Socrates form of pleasure, though it After the jury's verdict at his does not have to be trial, Socrates was asked by his physical (Example: Netflix friends if he was preparing for subscription, Mobile his trial (where the indictment Legends) against Socrates demanded the penalty of death) Why do we suffer? Man can choose either the life Suffering takes place when we of philosophy (the Socratic life) patiently endure versus a life of self- unpleasantness, discomfort, and abandonment. pain. The Theology of Death It May Come From: St. Thomas Aquinas is very clear about the nature of death. 1. Physical suffering He says: "The necessity of (discomfort, hunger, distress, & dying for Man is partly from pain) nature and partly from sin. 2. Mental suffering (depression, Death due to nature is caused anxiety, fear, loneliness & grief) by the contrary elements of the body. Every material element in the body is composed of both active and passive elementseld together in a tenuous connection.  Yet, Man is not only a body, of Man is his reasoning soul which but also a soul. The soul is is immortal, whereas death is not the spiritual element in natural to Man from the point of Man's composition. view of this form or this soul. Philosophy and the Catechism call it the form Seneca of the body, that element in Seneca, an ancient Roman Man that organizes matter philosopher who taught that death into being, and into the was natural to Man, taught this being which is Man. because he did not know about the Scriptures and he did not know Aristotle’s Notion of Death about the condition of Man before Aristotle speaks of this the Fall. (Adam and Eve did not intellectual power or dynamism have the necessity of dying before in his first book of metaphysics. the Fall. He says this: "For it is owing to St. Thomas says about them, their wonder that men both "Seneca and the other now begin and at first began to philosophers considered human think philosophically. They nature according to those wondered originally about principles that belong to it (human obvious difficulties, then nature) only from the principles of advanced little by little and nature. They did not know about stated difficulties about greater the state of the first condition of matters. For we know each original innocence, which is held thing only when we know its only by faith. Therefore, they only ultimate cause. spoke about death as a natural defect, although this natural defect St. Thomas Aquinas Notion of for us is a punishment in some Death way. Though the body tends to death because of its contrary Pope John Paul II’s Notion of elements, it tends to life Death because of the presence of the John Paul II has said this: "Jesus soul. In fact, from the point of had the clear vision of God, and view of the soul death is not the certainty of his union with the natural to Man. St. Thomas Father dominated his mind (on the says: "A thing is said to be cross). But in the sphere bordering natural if it proceeds from the on the senses. Jesus' human soul principles of nature. Now the was reduced to a wasteland. essential principles of nature are form and matter. The form