Philo Reviewer PDF

Philo Reviewer Fallacies: Limitation of the mind Logic The study of correct reasoning Aims to distinguish good reasoning from flawed ones Argument The basic unit of reasoning Method of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from premises or propositions Parts of an ar...

Philo Reviewer Fallacies: Limitation of the mind Logic The study of correct reasoning Aims to distinguish good reasoning from flawed ones Argument The basic unit of reasoning Method of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from premises or propositions Parts of an argument: Premise and Conclusion (Conclusion is supported by Premises) Fallacy An error or mistake we commit in reasoning. It usually involves an idea which may sound logical to the untrained ear but is actually deceptive or misleading. From Latin ‘faller’, meaning ‘deception’ or ‘false’. Three broad categories: Irrelevance, Presumption, and Ambiguity Fallacies Argumentum ad Hominem - Consists of an attack to the person who is speaking the argument rather than to the argument itself. (Fallacy of Irrelevance) Latin term, ‘an argument [or attack] to the man’ Example: Person 1: Logic is an extremely important and useful subject. Person 2: You believe that because you're an idiot and you need logic. Argumentum ad Baculum - Appeals to force or authority–whether physical or economical. Latin term, ‘an appeal to the stick’ Example: A stick may be used to punish a child to force them to behave in ways parents want them to Argumentum ad Misericordiam - Appeals to one’s emotions; one is able to accept a conclusion just because it sparked pity, anger, love, etc. Latin term, ‘an appeal to misery’ Tu Quoque Fallacy - Justifying our wrong actions because somebody has done it as well Latin term, ‘an appeal to hypocrisy’ Example: Person 1: You can’t cut classes today, we have a quiz later. Person 2: Oh come on, you have no right to lecture me, you have also cut classes Argumentum ad Populum - We assert that our reasoning is correct simply because it is what most people believe (Bandwagon) Latin term, ‘appeal to the people’ Example: You’re at a bookstore browsing for books with a friend. Although you are an avid sci-fi reader, your friend picks up a memoir and tells you that you should read the book because it’s a bestseller. Argumentum ad Tradition - Believing something is right just because it’s been done around for a really long time. Example: A young man is dissatisfied with the government, so asks his father why he continues to vote for the ruling party. The father replies, “Because our family has voted for this party for generations. My father would roll in his grave if I voted for anyone else!” Argumentum ad Ignorantiam - Occurs when someone argues that something must be either true or false because it hasn’t been proven to be one way or the other Petitio Principii - Argument where the conclusion is assumed in one of the premises. Example: "You keep failing your exams because you're not smart." Red Herring - Attempts to redirect the argument to another issue to which the person doing the redirecting can better respond Example: Person 1: Sis, my situationship ended, I’m sad  Person 2: You are still lucky, there are starving kids in Africa. Fallacy of Composition - mistakenly assume that what is true for the parts must also be true for the whole. Example: The boys at the back are noisy, so the whole class is noisy Fallacy of Division - We mistakenly assume that what is true for the whole must also be true for all the parts. Example: Section St. X likes it when the teacher gives examples involving K-Pop idols, so everyone in the class must like listening to K-Pop. Slippery Slope Fallacy - Consists of a sequence of claims that will cause another event which will cause another event and so on Example: “If I had a flat tire, I wouldn't be able to get to work, which would lead for me to have a sanction, which is bad in my records. Hence, I won’t be able to get a promotion due to a flat tire.” False Cause Fallacy - Committed when two following events occur, and we jump to the conclusion that the first event caused the second event although no connection between them can be found. Fallacy of Equivocation - Happens when we use a single term with two or more meanings (an equivocal term) in our argument and end up in a confusing manner. (Fallacy of Ambiguity) Hasty Generalization - Made on the basis of insufficient evidence. Example: You have a transit flight via Frankfurt Airport, Germany. On the way to your gate, several passengers hastily bump into you without even apologizing. You conclude that “Germans are so rude!” Dogmas on Mary Who is Mary? - The Catholic Church, taught by the Holy Spirit, honors the Blessed Virgin Mary with filial affection and piety as a most beloved mother. - Shows towards Mary is not worship, but that of a deep respect as a model of discipleship, obedience, and faith Latria - Worship reserved for the Triune God alone. Hyperdulia - Refers to the reverence and deep veneration the Church shows towards Mary. Dulia - Simple reverence to the saints and people with authority. *Through the authority of His Church on earth, God has revealed to us four essential truths about Mary’s identity, otherwise known as “the Marian dogmas.” Four (4) dogmas on Mary Mother of God - Simply because she is the mother of Jesus, the Word-made-flesh, the Second Person of the Holy Trinity. Immaculate Conception - “The most Blessed Virgin Mary was, from the first moment of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege of almighty God and by virtue of the merits of Jesus Christ, Saviour of the human race, preserved immune from all stain of original sin.” Perpetual Virginity - She was a virgin when she was conceived by the Holy Spirit. Sacred Tradition has always taught that Mary was a virgin before, during, and after the birth of Christ. Assumption - Mary, “having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory.” - Through her Immaculate Conception, God chose that His mother would be taken up body and soul into Heaven. Family-orientedness – Filipinos make Mary their spiritual mother. Celebration and Meal-orientedness – Many fiestas and pilgrimages are held in honor of Mary. Suffering in Life – Mary is venerated as Mater Dolorosa, whose Perpetual Help and Guidance is sought in novenas. Bayani-oriented – Mary is the Queen mother of Christ the King. Spirit-oriented – Marian apparitions are popular among Filipinos. The Liturgical Year  - The liturgical calendar is the cycle of seasons in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Liturgical Calendar Advent - Advent has a twofold character: preparation for the first and second coming of Jesus Christ. - Begins with First Vespers (Evening Prayer I) of the Sunday that falls on or closest to 30 November and it ends before First Vespers (Evening Prayer I) of Christmas - The color of Advent is violet Christmas - Christmas is one of the most important feasts in the Christian calendar, where we celebrate the birth of our Lord Jesus Christ. It is the culmination of the mystery of the incarnation, the feast of God becoming flesh (the Latin “in carne” meaning “enfleshment/becoming flesh”). - Christmas Time runs from First Vespers (Evening Prayer I) of the Nativity of the Lord up to and including the Sunday after Epiphany or after 6 January. - The color of Christmas is white and gold Lent - Lent is a forty-day preparation for the celebration of Easter. In Latin, it is called “Quadragesima” (literally,fortieth day). - The forty days of Lent run from Ash Wednesday (where we receive the mark of the ashes, a symbol of repentance) up to Holy Thursday, before the start of the Mass of the Lord’s Supper. - The color for the season of Lent is violet, signifying its penitential nature Paschal Triduum - Passion and Resurrection of the Lord shines forth as the shortest season, yet the highest point of the entire liturgical year. - Begins with the evening Mass of the Lord’s Supper, has its center in the Easter Vigil, and closes with Vespers (Evening Prayer) of the Sunday of the Resurrection. - White is used during Holy Thursday, the Easter Vigil, and Easter Sunday. Red is used during Good Friday. Easter - The word “Easter” comes from Old English, meaning simply the “East”. The sun which rises in the East—bringing light, warmth, and hope—is a symbol for the Christian of the rising Christ, who is the true Light of the world. - Period of fifty days begins on Easter Sunday and concludes with the Solemnity of Pentecost. - The colors for the Easter season are white and gold. Ordinary Time - A long period of time when we get on with the daily business of living our faith. - Thirty-three or thirty-four weeks in which no particular aspect of the mystery of Christ is celebrated, but rather the mystery of Christ itself is honored in its fullness, especially on Sundays. Liturgical Cycle - The Church follows an Order of readings that changes every year in a three-year cycle. The Liturgy of the Word is composed of many parts: First Reading – usually taken from the Old Testament (on Easter, from Acts) Responsorial Psalm – from the Book of Psalms Second Reading – usually from the New Testament letters Gospel – from Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John; read semi-continuously throughout the year Liturgical Day - Celebrations within the Liturgical Year, according to the importance assigned to them, are hence distinguished one from another and termed: Solemnity, Feast, and Memorial. Solemnities - The highest rank of celebration and is identified in the calendar with an S. - The celebrations of greatest importance. Each Solemnity begins on the prior evening. Several of the solemnities have their own Vigil Mass. - During solemnities, both the Gloria and the Creed are recited. Three readings are also read. - Easter and Christmas are the two greatest solemnities in the Church. Examples of Solemnities (RCAM): 25 March – Solemnity of the Annunciation of the Lord , 29 June – Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul, Apostles, 01 November – Solemnity of All Saints Feast - Are of secondary importance in our liturgical calendar and are celebrated on a particular day.  - Examples of Feasts: 18 October – Feast of Saint Luke, Evangelist and 28 October – Feast of Saints Simon and Jude, Apostle Memorial - Is classified as either obligatory (M) or optional (m). Memorials commemorate the saints. - Examples of Memorials: 04 April – Memorial of Saint Isidore of Seville, Bishop and Doctor of the Church, 13 June – Memorial of Saint Anthony of Padua, Priest and Doctor of the Church, and 11 July – Memorial of Saint Benedict of Nursia, Abbot Difference of High vs Low (normal) mass - High mass - Solemnity - Low mass - Memorial Hierarchy: God Mary Joseph Apostles/Evangelists(12 tribes of Israel) Angels Saints