Logic and Critical Thinking PDF

**LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING** **Critical Thinking** \*Critical Thinking Pertains to Distinguishing Facts and Opinions or Personal Feelings. To Make Rational Choices We Suspend First Beliefs and Judgment Until All Facts Are Collated and Regarded. **Skills:** Observation, Analysis, Inference, Com...

**LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING** **Critical Thinking** \*Critical Thinking Pertains to Distinguishing Facts and Opinions or Personal Feelings. To Make Rational Choices We Suspend First Beliefs and Judgment Until All Facts Are Collated and Regarded. **Skills:** Observation, Analysis, Inference, Communication, and Problem Solving **Logic-** Logic Is Centered in The Analysis and Construction of Arguments. **Two Basic Types of Reasoning** Deductive Reasoning- Usually Composed of One Broad Judgment or Definition and One More Specific Assertion. Inductive Reasoning- Often Applied in Prediction, Forecasting, or in Guessing Behavior. **Transcendence-** Is the Existence Going Beyond Normal or Physical Level **Religion-** Religion" Derived from The Latin Word "Religare" Which Means "To Tie Together, To Bind Fast." **2 Classifications** Monotheism- The belief in one God Polytheism- The belief in more than one God **Transmigration** \*Adheres To the Belief That a Person's Soul Passes into Some Other Creature, Human or Animal. \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- **HUMAN PERSON AS EMBODIED SPRIRIT** **HINDUISM** **(Third Largest Religion in the World)** \*Followers Are from India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Indonesia. \***Oldest Religion in The World** Which Probably Started Around Sixth Century B.C.E. \***Derived from The Persian Word Hindu Means "River" Which Refers to The Indus Valley People.** \*Every Hindu's Atman (Soul) Dies and Reborn Through the Transmigration Called Samsara (Reincarnation). \*Hindu Needs to Follow "Sanatama Dharma" Which Is the Hindu's Teaching or Way of Life. **Hinduism Scriptures** \*Shruti \*Smriti \*Vedas **3 Forms of Brahman** \***Brahma** (The Creator) \***Vishnu** (The Preserver) \***Shiva** (The Destroyer) \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- **BUDDHISM (Fourth Largest Religion in the World)** \*An Eastern Tradition Mostly Practiced in China, Cambodia, Thailand, and Myanmar \*Based On the Life of Its Founder, Siddharta Gautama. \*Siddharta Gautama Practiced Asceticism \*Dharma or Law of Salvation to Be Buddha, Which Mean "The Enlightened One." \* Buddhist Believed That the Root of All Sufferings Are Attachment and Cravings. **Buddhism Scripture** \*Tipitaka **(Four Noble Truths)** \*Life Is Dukkha \*The Source of Suffering Tanha \*The Cure to Craving Is to Overcome the Craving \*The Overcoming of Craving Is Achieved Through Eight-Fold Path **(Eight Noble Paths)** \***Right** **View** (Know the Truth) \***Right** **Mindfulness** (Control Your Thoughts) \***Right** **Effort** (Resist Evil) \***Right** **Intention** (Free Your Mind of Evil) \***Right** **Speech** (Say Nothing That Hurt Others) \***Right** **Action** (Work for The Good of Others) \***Right** **Concentration** (Practice Meditation) \***Right** **Livelihood** (Respect Life) **ISLAM (Second Largest Religion in the World)** **Islam Mean:** To Submit \*A Monotheistic Religion \*Believes That There Is Only One and Incomparable God, Allah and Muhammad Is the Last Messenger of God. \* **Considered as The Youngest Religion** in The World. \* Believers of The Islam Religion Are Called Muslim. \*Muslims Believed That All People Originate from God and Must Return to God After Death. **Sacred Writing of Islam** \*Quran **5 Pillars of Islam** **\*Shahada** (Faith) **\*Salat** (Prayer) **\*Zakat** (Poor Tax) **\*Sawm** (Fasting) **\*Hajj** (Pilgrimage to Mecca) \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- **CHRISTIANITY (Largest Religion in the World)** \*A Monotheistic Religion. **Holy Trinity** \*God The Father \*Son \*The Holy Spirit **Sacred Writings** \*Bible \*Ten Commandments \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- **LOGICAL FALLACIES** **Fallacies** **\***Fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoning. Some of them are intentional, as the person making the claim is desperate to convince you to accept his or her argument. **Argumentum Ad hominem** -- Attacking the person instead of the argument. **Argumentum Ad populum** (popularity) -- Appealing to the popularity of a claim as a reason for accepting it. **Ad verecundiam** (authority) -- Appealing to authority or tradition. **Argumentum Ad baculum** (threat) -- Appealing to force or the threat of force to bring about the acceptance of a conclusion. **Argumentum Ad misericordiam** -- Appealing to pity or emotions to persuade. **Argumentum Ad ignorantiam** (lack of evidence) -- Arguing that something is true because it has not been proven false. **Ad Antiquitatem** -- Appealing to tradition or the belief that something is better because it is older or traditional. **Composition** (part to whole)- Assuming that what is true for the part is true for the whole. **Division** (whole to part)-- Assuming that what is true for the whole must be true for the parts. **Dicto** **Simpliciter** (simple minded) - Argument based on an unqualified generalization. **Equivocation** (confusion) -- Using a word with multiple meanings in different senses within an argument, leading to confusion. **Hasty** **generalization** (not enough evidence) -- Drawing a general conclusion based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence. **Begging** **the** **question** (circular reasoning) - The argument doesn\'t provide actual proof it just restates or assumes the point in question, making it circular and logically invalid. **Post** **Hoc** (sequence) - Just because one event follows another doesn\'t necessarily mean that the first caused the second, and post hoc reasoning often leads to incorrect conclusions.