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Questions and Answers
What is the study of correct reasoning called?
Logic
What are the two parts of an argument?
Premise and Conclusion
What is the Latin term meaning 'deception' or 'false' in relation to fallacies?
What type of fallacy involves an attack on the person rather than the argument?
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What does Argumentum ad Baculum appeal to?
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What is the Latin term for the fallacy appealing to pity or emotions?
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What fallacy involves justifying wrong actions because others have done them?
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What is the term for assuming reasoning is correct simply because most people believe it?
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What is the fallacy where one believes something is right because it has been done for a long time?
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What is Argumentum ad Ignorantiam?
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What is Petitio Principii?
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What does the Red Herring fallacy do?
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What is the Fallacy of Composition?
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What is the Fallacy of Division?
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What is a Slippery Slope Fallacy?
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What constitutes a False Cause Fallacy?
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What is the Fallacy of Equivocation?
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What is a Hasty Generalization?
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Study Notes
Logic
- The study of correct reasoning.
- Aims to distinguish good reasoning from flawed ones.
Argument
- The basic unit of reasoning.
- A method of reasoning where a conclusion is drawn from premises or propositions.
- Parts of an argument: Premise and Conclusion (Conclusion is supported by Premises)
Fallacy
- An error or mistake in reasoning.
- Usually involves an idea that may sound logical, but is deceptive or misleading.
- From Latin 'faller,' meaning 'deception' or 'false'.
- Three broad categories: Irrelevance, Presumption, and Ambiguity.
Fallacies of Irrelevance
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Argumentum ad Hominem
- Attacks the person making the argument rather than the argument itself.
- Latin term, 'an argument [or attack] to the man'.
- Example: Person 1: Logic is an extremely important and useful subject. Person 2: You believe that because you're an idiot and you need logic.
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Argumentum ad Baculum
- Appeals to force or authority, whether physical or economical.
- Latin term, 'an appeal to the stick'.
- Example: A stick may be used to punish a child to force them to behave in ways parents want them to.
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Argumentum ad Misericordiam
- Appeals to one’s emotions, accepting a conclusion based on pity, anger, love, etc.
- Latin term, 'an appeal to misery'.
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Tu Quoque Fallacy
- Justifying wrong actions because someone else has done them.
- Latin term, 'an appeal to hypocrisy'.
- Example: Person 1: You can't cut classes today, we have a quiz later. Person 2: Oh, come on, you have no right to lecture me, you have also cut classes.
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Argumentum ad Populum
- Asserts reasoning is correct simply because most people believe it (Bandwagon).
- Latin term, 'appeal to the people'.
- Example: A friend recommends a book because it's a bestseller, even if you prefer different genres.
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Argumentum ad Tradition
- Believing something is right because it's been done for a long time.
- Example: A son defends voting for a certain party because his family has always done so.
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Argumentum ad Ignorantiam
- Argues something must be true or false because it hasn't been proven otherwise.
Fallacies of Presumption
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Petitio Principii
- An argument where the conclusion is assumed in one of the premises.
- Example: “You keep failing your exams because you're not smart.”
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Red Herring
- Attempts to redirect the argument to another issue.
- Example: Person 1: Sis, my situationship ended, I’m sad. Person 2: You are still lucky, there are starving kids in Africa.
Fallacies of Ambiguity
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Fallacy of Composition
- Mistakenly assumes that what is true for the parts must also be true for the whole.
- Example: The boys at the back are noisy, so the whole class is noisy.
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Fallacy of Division
- We mistakenly assume that what is true for the whole must also be true for all the parts.
- Example: Section St.X likes it when the teacher gives examples involving K-Pop idols, so everyone in the class must like listening to K-Pop.
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Slippery Slope Fallacy
- Consists of a sequence of claims that will cause another event, leading to a chain of events.
- Example: “If I had a flat tire, I wouldn't be able to get to work, which would lead for me to have a sanction, which is bad in my records. Hence, I won’t be able to get a promotion due to a flat tire.”
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False Cause Fallacy
- Committed when two following events occur, and we jump to the conclusion that the first event caused the second event, even though no connection can be found.
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Fallacy of Equivocation
- Happens when we use a single term with two or more meanings (an equivocal term) in our argument, leading to confusion.
- Example:
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Hasty Generalization
- Made on the basis of insufficient evidence.
- Example: You have a transit flight via Frankfurt Airport, Germany. On the way to your gate,...
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of logic and its fundamental components, including arguments and fallacies. This quiz covers key concepts like premises, conclusions, and various types of fallacies, particularly those of irrelevance. Test your understanding of correct reasoning and how to spot flawed arguments.
