Philosophy PDF

PHILOSOPHY Victor Frankl an Austrian neurologist, said "[Death] itself it what makes life\'s meaningful" Robert Nozick claimed that immortality will remove the compunction for human beings o do task or activities. According to *Uniform determination of Act,* one is dead if there is (1) **irrevers...

PHILOSOPHY Victor Frankl an Austrian neurologist, said "[Death] itself it what makes life\'s meaningful" Robert Nozick claimed that immortality will remove the compunction for human beings o do task or activities. According to *Uniform determination of Act,* one is dead if there is (1) **irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions** or (2) **irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem.** Harm thesis tells us that death is harmful to human beings. Epicurus said, "Death\.... the most awful of evils, is nothing to us, seeing that, when we are, death is not come, and, when death is come, we are not." Epicurus, death cannot harm a person in two ways: FIRST, when death is not yet occurred; SECOND, when it has already occurred. Death is an undeniable fact of experience. The they-self tempts us to convince ourselves that death is not really our own, tranquilizes us against death awareness because it cannot be shared by others, and thus alienates us from our authentic self by concealing death. Heidegger's concern is the possibility of fully knowing the character the character Dasein after it has died. (Physical death makes the body perish and become sustenance for the earth) Death- the end of life end is that. this phenomenon clearly this phenomenon clearly this shows the mortality of the human person this shows the mortality of the human person. (The essential temporal character of life is death.) Martin Heidegger- claimed that when people face and acknowledge death, they are able to free up themselves to become themselves. Locke claimed that political power is the right to make laws to protect and regulate properties. Locke's state of nature, men are free and they can wield the law of nature to those who violate the state of nature. Hobbes believes that mere words are not enough to keep them from doing actions to fulfill their ambitions, avarice, anger, and passion unless a power compels them so. Hobbe's *Leviathan, "*man is in a condition of war of anyone against everyone; in which case, everyone is governed by his own reason; and there is nothing he can make use of that may be a help unto him, in preserving his life, against his enemies; it followeth, that in such condition, every man has the right to everything. Jean-Jacquess Rousseau stated that men in the state of nature. Based on Rousseau's analysis the true nature of man in a state of nature is that man can support himself; he could have no feelings and no knowledge except that which befits his situation. Locke believes that the state all men are in is "a state of perfect freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possessions and their persons as they think fit, within the bounds of the laws of nature, without asking leave or depending upon the will of any other man." In Politics, Aristotle discussed the distinction in nature that prepares the way for the creation of the state. This Aristotelian perspective claims that the first association that is like a state is the household. A *balanced soul* is a person who is led by reason and whose spirited part and appetitive part are aligned to that of reason. "Introduction of Political Thought" it states that "every human being alive today is the subject of some state or another. The *Republic* in Plato's most read dialogue which is considered a work for either ethics or politics or even for both. The *Republic* begins with a dialogue between Polemarchus and Socrates, the former claiming that to be just is to give what is due and appropriate. Justice is what is owed to friends, while harm is owed to enemies. Thrasymachus claimed that justice is the advantage of. Or what is beneficial to, the stronger. Socrates then asked to clarify this definition, whether Thrasymachus is pertaining to what the stronger thinks what is beneficial to them or what actually is beneficial to them. Thrasymachus claimed that injustice is better than justice, because an unjust person who commits injustice undetected is always happier than just the person. The I-Thou is the encounter between man and man where language is exchanged and is described as always mutual, real, and direct; it is evidence of the reality of human intersubjectivity through language. Sartre gave importance to the role of language in enticing the beloved to love. (It is by recognizing each other's differences and possibilities that you are able to overcome the conflict between you and the other) Husserl's concept of natural attitude does not mean that something that you see is good or bad. Phenomenology literally means "the study of phenomena". It deals with the investigation of the [structures of experience and consciousness.] Husserl described phenomenology as "the rigorous human science of all conceivable transcendental phenomena." Phenomenology is a rigorous human science because it investigates how knowledge comes into being and clarifies the assumption upon which all human understandings are grounded. Transcendental phenomenology is the phenomenology of consciousness, and intentional analysis is constitutive analysis how are the meaning of things constituted in human consciousness. **Man as a Historical Being** Dasein is a product of history "Human beings are historical beings in the sense that each of us has a history." Heidegger recognized that the human person is involved, much like the I of Satre. 2 modes of disclosedness of Dasein's being: affectedness (mood) and understanding. What Satre means is that this relation of being for others change depending on where the look is directed to. Each look changes the structure of the relation of being for others. The I and the Other treat other as subject through the "look." (Intersubjectivity happens only when there is no conflict between the "I" and the "Other" When you look at the person, this act of objectification allows you to capture the person's freedom to be what he or she wants to be. Dasein, which means "being there." Martin Heidegger further claims that Being-in is "the formal existential expression of the being of Dasein. The concept of facticity implies that an entity within-the-world has a being-in-the-world in such a way that it can understand itself as bound up in its "destiny" with the being of those entities which it encounters within its own world. -Martin Heidegger, Being and Time Heidegger argued that a human person is not a spiritual thing misplaced into a space. Jean Paul Sarte in his 1943 book, *Being and Nothingness,* explained that it is through the "other-as-a-look\" that the "I" experiences the self or is revealed. Tracking bestness is a concept that Robert Nozick introduced in relation to determinism and how it can be aligned with value. Nozick, to investigate an act's tracking of "bestness" is supposed to acquire the consequence of the indeterminist free choice. Originate value introduces new value to the world. Contributory value focuses on the value contribution that a human action effects. Nozick, the process of making a choice from among the alternative actions has a process that operates to come up with each alternative action. Intrinsic value is the value it has itself apart from or independent of its consequences. Instrumental value is the function and measure of the intrinsic value that it leads to. Robert Nozick a renowned American Philosopher explained in his 1981 book, *[Philosophical Explanation],* that making a choice seems to feel like there were various reasons for and against doing each of the alternative actions or courses of action one is considering, and it seems and it feels as if one could do anyone of these alternatives. Nozick introduced the concept of weighing the reasons. Freedom involves choice. Satre said, it is through choice that man lives an authentic human life. Fatalism, a view that states that one is powerless to do anything than what he or she actually wants to do. (Without free will, we cannot be responsible of our actions.) What opposes the notion of freedom or free will is the concept of **determinism.** In *Casual Determinism,* Carl Hoefer stated that "the world is governed by determinism if and only if, given a specified way things that are at a time, the way things go thereafter is fixed as a matter of natural law." Determinism has a direct implication on human action. The human action as a event that is caused by something implies that free choice is impossible because the regularity of actions means that the cause of an action, given a determinate set of conditions, will result in one possible outcome only. Casual Determinism is incompatible with the notion of free will because it can undermine free choice if past events will be revealed as the cause of future actions and not really chosen by the individual as a free agent. Physical Determinism claims that since the body is physical, every event involving the body is determined. Existentialism is a philosophical movement known for its inquiry on human existence. Martin Heidegger, a German philosopher and phenomenologist, diclosed that the mood of anxiety reveals the nothing.