Phil Corrected PDF

1. Etymologies are not very helpful in providing a definition of a word because the meanings of words change over time. 2. Metaphysics deals with the question of what is truly real. 3. Foundationalism holds that there are objective and universal standards of rationality. 4. Anti-foundationalists...

1. Etymologies are not very helpful in providing a definition of a word because the meanings of words change over time. 2. Metaphysics deals with the question of what is truly real. 3. Foundationalism holds that there are objective and universal standards of rationality. 4. Anti-foundationalists often criticize foundationalism because foundationalists have failed to agree about what exactly constitutes transcultural foundational principles. 5. Foundationalists often respond to the anti-foundationalists by arguing that the anti- foundationalists' position amounts to relativism. 6. Philosophy can be enjoyable and stimulating to read because it can provide the pleasure of discovering new ideas. 7. One reason that a primary source can be difficult to read is that we are not used to looking up words and references that we do not understand. 8. Philosophy is not exclusively concerned with the question of the meaning of life, according to Kessler. 9. Metaphysics deals with the distinction between appearance and reality. 10. If rationality has to do with the way we investigate matters and settle disputes, then disagreements about rationality are so fundamental that it is difficult to know how to proceed to settle them. 11. To talk or think through is the definition of dialectical. 12. Etymologically, criticism means skilled in judging. 13. The argument, 'If p is true, then q is true. p is true. Therefore q is true' is an example of modus ponens. 14. If you encounter an argument in which it is impossible for all of its premises to be true and, at the same time, its conclusion false, then the argument is valid. 15. Analogy is not a common fallacy used in arguments. 16. Meaning constituted by all the properties held in common by the denoted objects is connotative. 17. An argument is not deductive if its conclusion provides information in addition to the information contained in the premises. 18. Vagueness refers to the range of applicability of a term. 19. An argument is sound if it is valid and all of its premises are true. 20. The attempt to discredit a position by discrediting the person holding it is not an argument from ignorance. 21. The best way to construct an argument is not to begin with the conclusion. 22. According to Buddhism, craving and pleasure are related since we crave those sensations that give us pleasure. 23. One of the Four Noble Truths is that life is suffering. 24. The Fourth Noble Truth is also called the Middle Path because it avoids the extremes of living a life pursuing pleasure and living a life of asceticism and self-denial. 25. Right Action consists of promoting moral, honorable, and peaceful conduct. 26. The Buddha would most likely answer the question 'How should one live?' by saying, 'seek wisdom, be moral, practice mental discipline.' 27. Traditional rites are important for Confucius because they foster the acquisition of benevolence (jen). 28. One of the primary meanings of jen is benevolence. 29. According to Confucius, the principle of reciprocity (Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you) can provide a life-long guide for conduct. 30. According to Aristotle, the chief or supreme good must be something desired for its own sake because if it were not, our search for the good life would be in vain since there would be no end to it. 31. Aristotle's analysis of the human good (happiness) is dependent upon the idea that humans are rational animals. 32. Aristotle writes, 'It makes no small difference, then, whether we form habits of one kind or of another from our very youth; it makes a very great difference, or rather all the difference.' By this he means virtues are acquired by practice. 33. The law of karma implies that eventually justice will prevail. 34. The question 'How should one live?' does not mean the same thing as the question 'How ought one to live?' 35. Anarchists argue that it is immoral for one group of people to rule another group. 36. Compensatory justice is, for example, some types of affirmative action programs. 37. Retributive justice, unlike distributive justice, is, for example, taking away someone's driver's license for drunk driving. 38. According to Fadl, a Muslim jurist would have historically favored rule of a caliphate. 39. According to Fadl, an important political value central to a Muslim polity is the pursuit of justice. 40. According to the Qur'an, all human beings are God's vicegerents. 41. According to Fadl, the 'fatal fiction' inherent in claiming that God is the sole legislator is that it pretends some human agents have perfect access to the will of God. 42. The human attempt to apply the divine ideal as revealed by God's Way is called Fiqh. 43. Affirmative action policies have been defended on the grounds of compensatory justice. 44. Cornel West believes that the time has not come to do away with affirmative action programs. 45. Pharr claims that the threat of violence plays a significant role in keeping women under the domination of men. 46. Social and political philosophers try to argue for policies that make moral sense. 47. Institutional racism, unlike individual racism, need not involve the presence of negative attitudes toward members of another race. 48. Refusing to start a business with a person of another race because you don't think members of that racial group are honest is an example of individual racism. 49. According to Cornel West, the fundamental crisis in black America is due to too much poverty and too little self-respect. 50. According to West, the quest for black identity requires self-respect and self-regard. 51. Empiricism is an example of an epistemological theory. 52. Rationalist theories of knowledge generally claim that knowledge has its source in reason. 53. Empiricism holds that sensation is the source of knowledge. 54. If I urged you to practice skepticism in order to arrive at the truth, I would be urging you to adopt methodical skepticism. 55. One objection to absolute skepticism maintains that it is self-refuting. 56. One important difference between empiricism and rationalism is that rationalism places great emphasis on a priori thinking. 57. According to al-Ghazali, a distinctive feature of Sufi mysticism is that it cannot be understood by study, but only by immediate experience. 58. Sufi mysticism involves the complete purification of the heart from what is other than God. 59. Al-Ghazali writes, 'They [beliefs based on sense or intellect] are true in respect of your present state; but it is possible that a state will come upon you whose relation to your waking consciousness is analogous to the relation of the latter to dreaming.' This insight leads him to skepticism about knowledge claims based on sense and intellect. 60. A chief aim of the philosophy of science is the critical analysis of the various sciences. 61. Philosophers of science are likely to concern themselves with the nature of theory formation. 62. 'Scientism' is considered to be a kind of blind faith in the power of science to determine all truth. 63. The philosophy of science has a direct practical and significant relevance to our daily concerns because informed decisions about scientifically related public policy issues require some understanding of the nature and procedures of science. 64. Peirce renamed his version of pragmatism to pragmatacism. 65. According to Peirce, belief is like a habit. 66. According to Peirce, doubt causes us to experience irritation. 67. Unlike the other methods, the method of science relies upon some external permanency. 68. According to the method of authority, the state fixes belief. 69. The subject of justice is the way in which major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties.