Perspectives On Philippine Popular Culture PDF

**PERSPECTIVES IN PHILIPPINE POPULAR CULTURE** **Culture** = is a system of **symbolic and expressive structures** that a particular group of people developed and utilized [to enhance solidarity, understanding and transmission of knowledge.] **(Danesi, 2019)** = **Anthropologist** - a [means of o...

**PERSPECTIVES IN PHILIPPINE POPULAR CULTURE** **Culture** = is a system of **symbolic and expressive structures** that a particular group of people developed and utilized [to enhance solidarity, understanding and transmission of knowledge.] **(Danesi, 2019)** = **Anthropologist** - a [means of organizing and stabilizing communal life and everyday activities] through specific beliefs, rituals, rights, performances, art forms and more, those are associated with a group of people at a particular period of time. **Popular** = regarded with [favor, approval, or affection by people in general]. = it is [intended or suited for the general masses of people]. = is characterized as [being in line with the majority\'s taste or flavor, widely accepted, or generating significance from social interaction.] It is the overall process of developing one\'s mind, soul, and artistic abilities. It is a certain way of living for an individual or a group of individuals. **Popular Culture** = The [set of habits, beliefs, and objects that express a **social system\'s** most commonly held meanings.] = It compasses among other things, [media items, amusement and leisure, fashion and trends and linguistic conventions]. **(Kidd, 2021)** = Stand out as [exceptional in the history of human culture] since it is [unrelated to any folk or aesthetic tradition]. = It frequently [ignores, rejects, or adopts traditions] in its unique way. = It becomes more appealing as it [evolves in response to new trends and it continually revised to reflect popular opinions and tastes.] = [Everywhere in modern urbanized societies] and is [sustained by **electronic media and digital platforms**.] = **TV Shows, movies, YouTube sites, changing lifestyles trends, and celebrities, Tiktok, The Voice, Podcast, Memes, Kdrama** **Folk Culture** = is a way of life in a certain place at a specific time that de[picts the costumes of a specific people and how they live with nature,] it has a **traditional and regional flavor** to it. = In the **Philippines**, folk culture is the [harmonious expression of spirituality anc religious activities] that [arises from the mingling of pre-colonial beliefs with the Catholic faith.] It consists of prominent **Catholic feasts, millennium initiatives, and customary celebrations** [honoring Filipino identity and independence.] = **Traditional Dance, Oral Folklore, Traditional Clothing and Dress, Traditional Ceremonies, Folk dance** \[art that came from how people live their life\] **High Culture** = Refers to a [large body of cultural abilities as well as the great works that reflect and symbolize them]. = Defined as culture that is seen as [having the greatest value and significance to humanity by authoritative institutions.] This includes, **fine arts, architecture, music, performing arts, film and literature.** = **Opera, Theater** **Mass Culture** = Refers to the [culture which emerges from the centralized production processes of the mass media] **(Perry, N., 2007)** = norms, shared meaning and experiences that **span very large group**s e.g **mass society, mass media, commoditization of experience (Spacey, J., 2021)** **Indigenous Culture** = \"**Indigenous**\" comes from the **Latin** term \"**indigen**,\" which denotes [native or initial occupant]-a [notion that gained traction in the **17th century**]. Consequently, the majority of the idea is often understood to imply that they are [individuals who are the the original occupants of the area] **(dlsu.edu.ph, 2022)** **Cultural Preservation** = [In order to **guarantee the survival of cultural legacy** for future generations, both **tangible and intangible forms** must be protected and safeguarded]. **Cultural items, traditions, languages, and practices** that are deemed important and valuable must be preserved. **Fusion and Diffusion of Culture** - **Cultural Diffusion =** is the **transfer of social customs and cultural values from one group to another**. [With the development of enhanced communication, transportation, and technology, there has been a **greater blending of world cultures** among various ethnicities, religions, and nations]. - **Relocation Diffusion =** occurs [when a person migrates from their home and shares their culture with a new location]**.** - **Expansion Diffusion =** The **spread of an idea through a population** in a way that the **number of those influenced becomes continuously larger**. **Subtype of Expansion Diffusion** 1. **Contagious Diffusion =** [cultural element spread from the source often a single person to other person then passed to several people] **Ex. Viral vids** 2. **Hierarchal Diffusion** = [cultural element spread from a specific group within society to another ] **Ex. Your Honor, Shimenet** 3. **Stimulus Diffusion** = [describes as the transfer of culture where the culture changes as it is being diffused]. **Ex. Language translation** - **Cultural Fusion =** [is a phenomenon that emerge when a culture intermingle and produce a new culture.] **Exile from Culture** **Exile** = a [situation in which you are forced to leave your country or home and go to live in a foreign country] **(Britannica, n.d)** = They are **living outside of their culture**. [Living in exile in addition to previous traumas can lead to isolation, lack of self-esteem, apathy, numbness, depression, and guilt] **(DeMott, 2007).** **Diaspora Culture** **Diasporas\'** = [People of a country who have migrated abroad and keep strong identity ties with their homeland]. **FOREIGN INFLUENCES ON FILIPINO CULTURE** - **Spain. Spanish Colonialism In The Philippines** = Spanish arrived in the **16th century** = **Catholicism** has introduced = **Spanish language integration** = **naming conventions** ([Spanish surnames]) = Naming of [capital city] (**Manila**) = Islands were called "**Filipinas**" after **Prince Philip of Asturias**, later known as **King Philip II of Spain.** **Impact of Spanish Colonialism in the Philippines** - **Cultural Assimilation** eg. The fusion of Hispanic and Asian traditions in Filipino culture. - **Religious Influence** eg. The introduction of Catholicism as the dominant religion. - **Linguistic Impact** eg. The integration of Spanish words and phrases into Filipino dialects. - **Naming Conventions** eg. The imposition of Spanish surnames and the naming of Manila as the capital city. - **Culinary Influences** eg. The introduction of Spanish foods like avocado, coffee, and sausage. - **Educational Changes** eg. The establishment of Catholic-run schools and the introduction of new subjects. **Positive And Negative Effects: Impact On Filipino\ Culture** **=** [One of the most notable positive effects of Spanish colonialism] is the **integration of the Spanish language into Filipino dialects**. Approximately [20% of Tagalog words are of Spanish origin,] demonstrating the linguistic impact of Spanish colonization. This [fusion of languages has enriched the Filipino languag]e, allowing for unique expressions and vocabulary. Moreover, the [introduction of Spanish numbers and the monetary] system has provided a **foundation for trade and commerce**. **Positive Effects of Spanish Colonialism** - Integration of Spanish language into Filipino dialects - Introduction of Catholicism and the establishment of churches - Influence on naming conventions, introducing Spanish surnames - Adoption of Spanish cuisine, introducing new foods and flavors - Changes in the education system, establishing Catholic-run schools **Negative Effects of Spanish Colonialism** - Cultural assimilation and loss of indigenous traditions - Suppression of native religions and spiritual practices - Social hierarchy and discrimination based on ancestry - Displacement of traditional food practices and ingredients - Limitations on indigenous education and cultural preservation - **America** **= Religious Freedom** **= Free Education** **= English** **= Clothing** **= Food** **= Jeepneys, Swing dance, Democracy (Other American influence)** - **Japan** **How things changed during the Japanese rule over the Philippines** = A **strict curfew** was enforced = **Japanese currency** was introduced = [**Baranggays** (neighborhood government systems) were cut in half] = A **military government** was implemented (as it was during a time of war) = Today, the most notable Japanese influence on Filipino culture has been in **technology** -- such as [karaoke, videoke, cameras, etc.] - **Korea** **= Music, Tv and Movies, Fashion** - **China** = Always looking for a **bargain** = Lighting **Fireworks** and **firecrackers** in New Year = Setting up of **12 round fruits** during New Year = **Grafting of fruit trees** = Giving **cash** as **gifts** = Wearing **red or bright-colored attire** for **happy occasions** **\ ** **FORMS OF POPULAR CULTURE** **Mythical Creatures** = - **possess supernatural abilities** that are beyond normal reality. From the hairy kapre and mischievous tiyanak to fearsome tikbalang and enchanted duwendes, hundreds of diverse mythological creatures occur in the mythologies of the Philippines. These creatures consist of beasts, monsters, and enchanted beings of **more than 140 ethnic groups** in the country. 1. **Aswang** = is the bracket term given to **shape-shifting creatures** that turn into a number of forms, such as the [blood-sucking vampire, self-segmenting viscera sucker, man-eating weredog, revengeful or evil-eye witch, and the carrion-feeding ghoul.] 2. **Sirena** = generalizes water creatures with a **human-like upper body and the body of a fish from the waist down**[,] just like the [merfolks]. 3. **Duwende** = classifies **small magical beings** that inhabit the land. 4. **Engkanto** = groups [**highly attractive, enchanted, human-like environmental beings** without any **philtrum**] (the vertical [groove between the base of the nose and the upper lip]). They usually [emit the scent of **flowers**]. 5. **Higante** = categorizes **giant humanoid creatures** that wander on land. 6. **Multo** = originates from the **Spanish** word **muerto**, which means "**dead**". 7. **Kapre** = is a creature described as a **tree giant**, standing around **seven to nine feet** tall. A [big, black, terrifying, hairy, creature of muscular stature with glowing red eyes], the kapre enjoys lounging on trees as he [puffs his fine cigar that never burns out]. 8. **Nuno Sa Punso** = A **Tagalog** word for an "**old man of the mound**", a nuno is a **dwarf-like nature spirit of the elderly**. It is characterized as a [tiny old man with a long beard], different from a duwende or dwarf in Philippine mythology. 9. **Tikbalang** = A **half-man and half-horse** creature in Philippine mythology [known for lurking in mountains and forests], the **tikbalang, or tigbalang**, is a **demon horse possessing a horse's head and hooves and the body of a human**. 10. **Tiyanak** = A **baby who died after receiving baptismal rites**, the tiyanak is a vampire-like creature that cries in the jungle to lure unwary travelers. 11. **Tiktik** = Also called a **wakwak**, the tiktik is a **vampiric, bird-like creature** that is believed to [grab humans at night as its prey.] 12. **Manananggal** = An [aswang that can fly after detaching itself from the lower half of its body], the manananggal is characterized as terrifying, sometimes hideous, and is usually depicted as a female with gigantic bat-like wings. 13. **Sigbin** = Believed to look like a **hornless goat with huge ears and a long flexible tai**l, the sigbin is a creature that [comes out at night to absorb the blood of victims from the shadows]. It is also said that the sigbin [walks backwards with its head lowered between its back legs.] 14. **Mangkukulam** = Known as a **Philippine witch**, the mangkukulam [uses black magic and other related sorcery,] and she is believed to include diverse kinds of people with different cultural backgrounds depending on the ethnic group they are associated with. **Filipino Cuisines** Filipino food [tends to be overlooked for other Southeast Asian cuisines], like **Thai** and **Vietnamese**. But you'd be mistaken to neglect it. Pinoy cuisine has been delighting taste buds for centuries with phenomenal flavors that [reflect the country's multi-cultural influence.] From deep-fried lumpia rolls to sweet leche flan, you can find **Chinese, Spanish, or Native influence** in almost every dish. 1. **Lumpia** 2. **Pancit** 3. **Chicken Adobo** 4. **Leche Flan** 5. **Sisig** 6. **Chicharon** 7. **Sinigang** 8. **Cassava Cake** 9. **Arroz Caldo** 10. **Kare-Kare** **Television in the Philippines** = was introduced in **October 1953** upon the [first commercial broadcast] made by **Alto Broadcasting System (now ABS-CBN)**, making the Philippines the [first Southeast Asian country and the second in Asia to do so.] Even before that, during the **late 1940s**, several academic experiments had been done and replicated by Filipino engineers and students. **History** - **The early years (1946--1959)** - **James Lindenberg**, an **American engineer** dubbed the \"**father of Philippine television**,\" began assembling **transmitters** and established **Bolinao Electronics Corporation (BEC)** on **June 13, 1946.** The company was named after his [wife\'s hometown] of **Bolinao, Pangasinan**. **Three years later**, he was the [first to apply for a license in the Philippine Congress to establish a television station]. After a year, on **June 14, 1950**, his [request was granted]. Due to the [scarcity of raw materials and strict import control since 1948, he was compelled to branch into radio broadcasting instead] - Lindenberg\'s attempt to put up a television station did not go to waste. **Judge Antonio Quirino,** the [brother of then-Philippine **President Elpidio Quirino**], had been trying to get a license from Congress that would allow him to put up a television station. The Congress, however, denied him from getting such a license for the fear that he might use it as a vehicle for propaganda for his brother who was then running for a [second term in the presidential elections of 1953.] Because of this, he [bought a **70%** **share** in BEC,] which [earned him indirect control of a television franchise.] He [changed the name of **BEC** to **Alto Broadcasting System (ABS**),] after the names of its new owners, **Aleli and Judge Antonio Quirino**. **Lindenberg** continued to be a [co-owner] and served as the [general manager]. - Before the television station was formally launched, it faced several obstacles. The **Central Bank**, for instance, [refused to grant Quirino dollar credit from the bank], saying that the said venture was too risky. For this reason, Quirino asked help from his friend **Marvin Gray**, whose [family was a friend of **David Sarnoff**, then **president** of **Radio Corporation of America (RCA).**] Through the intervention of Gray, Quirino was able to get assistance from RCA. - Before the first telecast, Quirino initiated the importation of [**120 television sets** through the **60,000 pesos loan**] that he received from the owner of **Joe\'s Electric**, who was, in turn, the [first to be bestowed with the right to sell television sets in the country]. - Finally, on **October 23, 1953,** Quirino marked the [first official television broadcast in the Philippines] with the launching of **ABS\' DZAQ-TV Channel 3 (DZAQ-TV 3).** [With the help of RCA, four men underwent technical training in the United States]. These were **Arcadio Carandang, Romualdo Carballo, Harry Chaney and Jose Navarro**. - The ABS studio was a **makeshift barn** along Florentino **Torres Street in Manila**. [With the transmitter acquired from RCA, the telecasts were received not only in Manila but also in the neighboring provinces]. Except for the four engineers who were sent to the US for training, most of the personnel at ABS learned TV operations on the job. The **first transmitter** for the station was located in **San Juan, Rizal**. - DZAQ-TV 3 [started on a four-hour-a-day schedule, from six to ten in the evening]. Although ABS was able to round up **52 advertisers** for the premiere telecast, [selling **spots** for regular programming had proven to be difficult since buying **radio ad spots** was more cost-effective for advertisers]. During this time, TV sets cost less than an automobile, and TV reception depended on electrical power, which was not always available - [In the beginning, Philippine TV networks would buy the rights to air mediocre American TV programs and serials since it was cheaper than producing local shows.] To entice advertisers, as well as to encourage increased viewership, simultaneous airing of programs on radio and television resorted to **promotional gimmicks**. Many popular radio shows, including, **Tawag ng Tanghalan, Kuwentong Kutsero, and Student Canteen**, started their life on TV this way. - With the establishment of **DZXL-TV Channel 9** on **April 19, 1958,** the **Lopez brothers** controlled the [ABS and CBN television channels]. - In **1958**, the combined **ABS (DZAQ-TV Channel 3)** and **CBN (DZXL-TV Channel 9)** television stations moved to their [new studios] in **Roxas Boulevard, Pasay** and the [ABS radio facilities] moved to the **Chronicle Building in the Intramuros** **District of Manila**, the [home building of the CBN Radio studios]. - **Rising popularity (1960--1972)** - At the turn of the next decade, TV sets became the most sellable appliance in urban areas. - **BEC\'s DZAQ-TV Channel 3**, following the success of the [first-ever locally produced television drama] **Hiwaga sa Bahay na Bato** in **1961**, staged in **1963** the [first-ever test television broadcasts in color] using the **NTSC system of the Radio Corporation of America** and would begin to broadcast in color in **1966**. Channel 3 also beat others when it came to [educational television initiatives with a **one-hour** daily slot] in the early years of the decade, with **Inter-Island 13** following suit. - In **February 1, 1967**, the **corporate name** of [BEC was changed to ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation] (later adapted the name **ABS-CBN Corporation** on **May 27, 2010,** to [reflect the media conglomerate\'s diversification] although the ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation name is still used alternatively nowadays on some contexts). Also, during this year, **Radiowealth Inc**. [pioneered the production of 19-, 21- and 25-inch models of color TV sets.] Moreover, it was favored by **advertisers** like **Procter** and **Gamble**, the **Philippine Refining Company, Colgate-Palmolive, Del Rosario Brothers, and Caltex**. - By **1971**, the Philippines, through **Radiowealth Inc**., had become the [third country in the world to manufacture color TV sets.] By **January 1972**, the [growth of the Philippine television industry was unstoppabl]e. Aside from ABS-CBN\'s pioneer satellite broadcasts, stations opened up one after the other in many parts of the country beginning in **1961**, when **DYCB-TV Channel 3**, the [pioneer provincial television channel], was opened in **Cebu City**, bringing [four hours of locally produced programming] with relays of Manila programs. **Popular Movies** **Beauty Pageant** Beauty pageants have become a **national obsession** in the Philippines. In **2014**, the **Miss World** beauty pageant -- considered the [longest-running beauty contest in history] which started in **1951** -- finally eliminated the swimsuit portion. Instead, the girls focus on "**beauty with a purpose**" competition which center on **charity work**. **EVOLUTION OF FASHION TRENDS AND MUSIC IN THE PHILIPPINES (50'S TO PRESENT)** - **Fashion** = **Fashion and clothing** in the Philippines refers to the [way the people of the Filipino society dress up] in instances such as while they\'re at home, at work, travelling, and when attending special occasions. = It is said that [just like the **Filipino culture**, the clothing and fashion of the Filipinos was also influenced by ancestors and colonizers.] = The Filipino style of fashion and clothing is said to be [dictated by weather.] Since the country is **tropical (dry and rainy seasons),** early Filipinos wore **colorful woven cloths**. **Kangan At Bahag** = **Kangan** is a **pre-Spanish era attire** characterized by a [collarless shirt.] = This version of clothing became then the [basis for **barong tagalog.**] = **Men** wore **pants or loincloth** and usually went **topless**. = Additionally, they are wearing **tattoos** symbolizing **strength** as **warrior**. = For **women**, they wore a **robe-like dress** or either **topless**. = [Filipinos wore their clothing depending on their respective tribes.] = The [characteristics of the fashion] is wearing **colorful clothes** added with **intricate beadwork** and other **ornaments**. = It was referenced in **Ma-l** that the Filipinos wore a **sleeve-doublet of rough cotton cloth.** It is **collarless** and **had an opening in front.** The **doublets** symbolizes **social status**: **Red** for [chiefs] and the [bravest] **Black or white** for [normal citizens] = Prior to Spanish era, the **tagalogs** already wore **Baro.** = Furthermore, **Tagalogs** and **Visayans** used **Baro and Saya** made from **silk** in matching colors. The style was worn by the [women in the higher class] while those in the [lower class] wore Baro made from **bark fiber**. = Women usually wore **necklaces** and **earrings** that symbolizes **wealth and beauty**. **Spanish Era** = When Spaniards came, they [dissolved the kingdoms and united the country to make the different ethnic groups connected]. = **Camisa** was a **Hispanicized version** of **Baro\'t Saya**. It is usually made up of **pineapple fiber or muslin** usually wore by **women**. = For **men**, they wore **barong Tagalog**. It is a **collared** and **button-laced shirt or a suit.** Underneath is the **Camisa de chino** worn by men which is a type of t- shirt. For women, the standard wearing given by the Spaniards became the symbol of **traditional women** which is **Maria Clara**. **American Era** = For the [first five years of the settlement] of the American colonizers, the [fashion of the Filipinos remained the same] but eventually, it changed. = For women, they wore **Traje de mestiza** which is the [modern version of the Maria Clara.] It had [bigger sleeves and a narrower floor length skirt] with a [long train] called **Saya decola** and replaced the full-wide skirt. **1950'S** = When the war subsided, Philippines experienced rise in the economy that it gave the people for another opportunities for their needs. = By the **late 1950\'s** the women began to [wear dresses with floral prints and fuller knee-length skirts.] **1960\'S** = It is the [rise of **British pop culture**] that affected **United States** and **Philippines**. = For **women**, they started wearing **miniskirts** (created by **Mary quant**) and **mini-dresses**. [Hairs became very stylish as they were styled bigger and higher with the use of hairspray]. **1970\'S** = With **Hippie culture**, Filipinos adored to wear **vintage** wearing from the **Victorian era**. Additionally, it is also characterized with the use of **long sleeves**, **laces**, and **collars**. **Bell bottom pants** also became popular. = **Turtle necks** also became popular alongside with **sweater vests.** = In this era, **men** started to [grow their hair long] and it was the first time it became acceptable to the society. = By the **mid-1970\'s** men starting wearing **t-shirts** as well as **denim jeans** and **sweatshirts**. **1980\'S** **Velour, velvet** and **polyester** were **popular fabrics** used in clothes esp **button up** and **v shirt** **1990\'S** **Neon colored tops** and **leg warmers** - **Music** = The Filipino music is mixed with **Asian, Latin American, European, American**, and **indigenous influences**. **Indigenous Music** = a term for the [traditional music of the indigenous peoples of the world], that is, the [music of an \"original\" ethnic group that inhabits any geographic region] alongside more recent immigrants who may be greater in number. - **Gong Music** = It is a [cultural music of the Filipinos] characterized by using the [main focus]: the **gong**. - **Kulintang** = It refers to the [racked gong chime instrument] played in the [southern islands of the Philippines] alongside with its ensembles. **Hispanic Music** = When the Hispanics occupied the Philippines, they greatly influenced its music. The **three main forms** introduced to the Filipinos were the **harana**, the **kundiman**, and the **rondalla**. Most of these forms were developed as a [result of the fusion between **tribal music styles** and **traditional Spanish and Mexican music**]. - **Rondalla** = It is a **traditional string orchestra** compromising of [**two-string**, **mandolin** type instruments] such as **banduria** and **laud**. - **Harana At Kundiman** = They are **popular lyrical songs** that dates back from Spanish era. **Americans** = The United States occupied the Islands from **1898** until **1946** and introduced in **1898** the **American blues, folk music, R&B** and **rock & roll** which became popular. In the **late 1950s**, native performers adapted Tagalog lyrics for **North American rock & roll music**, resulting in the [seminal origins of Philippine rock.] = [ ] Filipinos adopted the said genres and one of them that made a symbolic torch on the popular culture was **rock**. **Original Pilipino Music (Opm)** = It is referred only to **Philippine pop songs** particularly **ballads**. = **Underground bands** emerged along with their perceptions of **idealism** and **self-expression.** = From its origin, OPM had been [centered in **manila**], where **Tagalog** and **English** are **dominant languages**. = **Ethnolinguistic music** was usually not breaking in the scenes with an exception of these two songs: The first one was \"**Charing**\" by **1017**, a [**Davao**- based band]. The second one was \"**Porque**\" by **Maldita** a [**Zamboanga**-based Chavacano band.] The third one was **O jo, kaluguran daca**, a [**Kapampangan** parody song]. **1970\'S** = "**Ang miss universe ng buhay niya**\" (the miss universe of my life) by the band **Hotdog** made a mark on having \"**taglish**\" on songs. = Alongside with that is Sharon **Cuneta\'s first hit**, \"**Mr. Dj**\" = **Freddie Aguilars**' \"**Anak**\" is the [most commercially successful recording] and was popularin **Asia** and **Europe**. **Hiphop** = In **1980\'s** Filipinos were also interested in this genre [characterized by the use of **rap**] in the music. = The influential **rappers** in the country were **Andrew E, Francis M., and Gloc-9.** **1990\'S** This year was the rise of the band named **Eraserheads**. Due to their popularity, other bands came suit like **True faith, Yano, Siakol, Teeth, Parokya ni Edgar**, and **Rivermaya**. **2010'S** = This gave the rise to **independent singers**. **Reggae** = This is a **musical genre** characterized by [combined **native styles** with elements of **rock** and **soul** music with an accent on the **offbeat**.] \"Nothing is absolute. Everything changes, everything moves, everything revolves, everything flies and goes away.\" - **Frida Kahlo** \"Everything happens for a reason. That reason causes change. Sometimes it hurts. Sometimes it\'s hard. But in the end, it\'s all for the best.\" - **Your Tango** \"Any change, even a change for the better, is always accompanied by drawbacks and discomforts.\" - **Arnold Bennett**