Philippine Entomology History Quiz Answers PDF

Philippine Entomology History Quiz Answers 1. Who was the first President of the Philippine Entomological Society? A. L.C. Rimando B. S.M. Cendaña C. R.G. Basio D. B.P. Gabriel Answer: S.M. Cendaña (B) S.M. Cendaña led as the first President of the Philippine Entomological Society....

Philippine Entomology History Quiz Answers 1. Who was the first President of the Philippine Entomological Society? A. L.C. Rimando B. S.M. Cendaña C. R.G. Basio D. B.P. Gabriel Answer: S.M. Cendaña (B) S.M. Cendaña led as the first President of the Philippine Entomological Society. 2. What was the significance of the year 1968 in Philippine entomology? A. First monographic treatment of Philippine mosquitoes B. Publication of the Philippine Entomologist journal C. Founding of the National Crop Protection Center D. First National Symposium in Philippine Entomology Answer: Publication of the Philippine Entomologist journal (B) The Philippine Entomologist was the first journal of entomology published in the Philippines. 3. Who published the first monographic treatment of Philippine mosquitoes? A. R.G. Basio B. Delfinado C. L.C. Rimando D. C.R. Baltazar Answer: Delfinado (B) Delfinado provided the first comprehensive monographic treatment of Philippine mosquitoes. 4. What type of organ is NOT typically found in the head of an insect? A. Ocelli B. Digestive tract C. Antennae D. Compound eyes Answer: Digestive tract (B) The digestive tract is located in the body, not in the head of the insect. 5. Which insect order's first catalogue was published by a Filipino? A. Hymenoptera B. Diptera C. Lepidoptera D. Coleoptera Answer: Hymenoptera (A) The Catalogue of Philippine Hymenoptera was published by C.R. Baltazar. 6. What was established in 1976 that contributed to crop protection in the Philippines? A. International Symposium on rice pest B. Philippine Entomologist journal C. First National Meeting of the Philippine Association of Entomologists D. National Crop Protection Center Answer: National Crop Protection Center (D) The National Crop Protection Center was founded to enhance research and education in crop protection. 7. Which mosquito species is specifically noted for its medical importance? A. Aedes B. Anopheles C. Culex D. Mansonia Answer: Anopheles (B) Anopheles mosquitoes are noted for their role in malaria transmission, highlighting their medical importance. 8. In what year did the First National Meeting of the Philippine Association of Entomologists take place? A. 1971 B. 1965 C. 1969 D. 1967 Answer: 1967 (D) The meeting was held on August 12, 1967, marking a significant event in Philippine entomology. 9. What structure is included in the pretarsus? A. Femur B. Trochanter C. Pulvilli D. Tibia Answer: Pulvilli (C) The pretarsus includes structures such as claws (ungues), an arolium, an empodium, and pulvilli. 10. What is the primary adaptation of forelegs in raptorial insects? A. Flat segments for swimming B. Sharp opposing spines and spurs C. Scraper-like parts for digging D. Hairs for pollen gathering Answer: Sharp opposing spines and spurs (B) Raptorial legs are adapted for catching and grasping prey and are characterized by sharp spines. 11. Which leg adaptation is specifically suited for swimming? A. Natatorial B. Saltatorial C. Cursorial D. Fossorial Answer: Natatorial (A) Natatorial legs are specialized with flattened segments and long hairs to aid in swimming. 12. What is the primary function of the arolium in insects? A. Grasping prey B. Clinging to surfaces C. Providing buoyancy in water D. Adhesive pad for attachment Answer: Adhesive pad for attachment (D) The arolium acts as an adhesive pad located between the claws, aiding in attachment. 13. Which insect primarily utilizes saltatorial adaptations? A. Grasshoppers B. Bees C. Diving bugs D. Mole crickets Answer: Grasshoppers (A) Grasshoppers have enlarged hind femurs, which are characteristic of saltatorial adaptations for jumping. 14. What insect type is known for its fossorial leg adaptation? A. Mole crickets B. Praying mantids C. Water beetles D. Cockroaches Answer: Mole crickets (A) Mole crickets have fossorial adaptations that include scraper-like parts designed for digging. 15. Which structure is associated with the terminal segment of the tarsus? A. Pulvilli B. Tarsal claws C. Arolium D. Prothoracic hooks Answer: Tarsal claws (B) The terminal segment of the tarsus includes the tarsal claws (ungues), as well as other structures. 16. Which characteristic is used by insects for assembling pollen? A. Serrated edges on claws B. Clinging hooks C. Hind tibiae with hairs D. Forelegs with spines Answer: Hind tibiae with hairs (C) Bees have hind tibiae with hairs that form a pollen basket, aiding in pollen gathering. 17. What type of insects have adapted legs primarily for running and walking? A. Raptorial insects B. Natatorial insects C. Fossorial insects D. Cursorial insects Answer: Cursorial insects (D) Cursorial or gressorial adaptations are specifically designed for running and walking in insects. 18. What is a common feature of functional wings in insects? A. They exist only during the adult stage. B. They are a characteristic of all life stages. C. They disappear during the pupal stage. D. They are present only in larvae. Answer: They exist only during the adult stage. (A) Functional wings in insects are typically only present during the adult stage of their life cycle. 19. What role does the hindgut primarily serve in the excretory system of insects? A. Absorption of water, salt, and amino acids B. Digestion of cellulose C. Storage of nitrogenous waste D. Production of urea Answer: Absorption of water, salt, and amino acids (A) The hindgut is integral for the absorption of water, salt, and amino acids from waste products. 20. What is the primary waste product converted from ammonium ions in the Malpighian tubules? A. Uric acid B. Ammonia C. Nitrite D. Urea Answer: Uric acid (A) Ammonium ions (NH4+) are converted into uric acid through a series of chemical reactions in the Malpighian tubules. 21. Which component increases the efficiency of water recovery in the hindgut? A. Microvilli B. Cuticle C. Malpighian tubules D. Rectal pads Answer: Rectal pads (D) The six rectal pads embedded in the rectum wall help remove more than 90% of the water from fecal pellets. 22. What is the cryptonephridial arrangement in the excretory system? A. The muscular contractions during waste elimination B. The complex of mouth parts and foregut C. The complex of rectum and Malpighian tubules within a membrane D. The outer protective cuticle of the digestive tract Answer: The complex of rectum and Malpighian tubules within a membrane (C) The cryptonephridial arrangement involves the rectum and Malpighian tubules and plays a key role in waste management. 23. What function do potassium ions (K) perform in the excretory system? A. Create urea from ammonium ions B. Pump amino acids, salt, and water back to hemolymph C. Facilitate nitrogenous waste elimination D. Transport carbon dioxide from the hemolymph Answer: Pump amino acids, salt, and water back to hemolymph (B) Potassium ions are active electrolytes responsible for the reabsorption of amino acids, salt, and water in the hemolymph. 24. What type of larvae is characterized by a cylindrical body with short thoracic legs and fleshy abdominal prolegs? A. Campodeiform B. Mecopteran C. Trichopteran D. Eruciform Answer: Eruciform (D) The Eruciform larvae, commonly known as caterpillars, have a cylindrical body and fleshy abdominal prolegs. 25. Which of the following best describes Campodeiform larvae? A. Spherical with no legs B. Elongated and flattened with prominent antennae C. Short, stubby with a hard shell D. Thick and fleshy with developed wings Answer: Elongated and flattened with prominent antennae (B) Campodeiform larvae are elongated and flattened, typically featuring prominent antennae. 26. Which of these groups does NOT include larvae that have a crawler type? A. Diptera B. Siphonaptera C. Lepidoptera D. Hymenoptera Answer: Lepidoptera (C) Crawling larvae are primarily categorized in groups like Diptera and Siphonaptera, while Lepidoptera often have Eruciform larvae. 27. What type of food do Lepidoptera larvae consume? A. Liquid nectar B. Solid food C. Wood and plant fibers D. Decaying organic material Answer: Solid food (B) Lepidoptera larvae, such as caterpillars, chew off solid food, while the adults suck nectar. 28. Which group is associated with larvae that have a crawler type and can often be found with prominent cerci? A. Coleoptera B. Strepsiptera C. Lepidoptera D. Neuroptera Answer: Coleoptera (A) Coleoptera, or beetles, typically have Campodeiform larvae which can exhibit prominent cerci. 29. Which of the following combinations most accurately matches the larval types with their descriptions? A. Eruciform – spherical body, no legs B. Campodeiform – elongated, flattened body C. Ametabola – fully developed wings D. Stygobiont – aquatic, no legs Answer: Campodeiform – elongated, flattened body (B) Campodeiform larvae are elongated and flattened, a key characteristic of this type. 30. How many pairs of fleshy abdominal prolegs do Eruciform larvae typically have? A. 1-5 pairs B. 2-10 pairs C. 5-8 pairs D. 10-12 pairs Answer: 2-10 pairs (B) Eruciform larvae can have between 2 to 10 pairs of fleshy abdominal prolegs. 31. What is the primary function of the thoracic legs found in Eruciform larvae? A. Flight B. Locomotion C. Feeding D. Sensory perception Answer: Locomotion (B) The short thoracic legs in Eruciform larvae primarily assist in locomotion. 32. What type of feeding mechanism do adult Lepidoptera primarily use? A. Grazing on plants B. Filtering small particles C. Sucking up nectar D. Chewing solid food Answer: Sucking up nectar (C) Adult Lepidoptera mainly feed by sucking up nectar. 33. What is a common characteristic of larvae found in Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera groups? A. No legs at all B. Presence of fleshy prolegs C. Thick, armored bodies D. Ability to fly Answer: Presence of fleshy prolegs (B) Both Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera larvae exhibit the presence of fleshy prolegs. 34. What is the primary function of the pyloric sphincter in the digestive system? A. To prevent the backflow of food into the stomach B. To regulate the passage of waste to the hindgut C. To mix food with digestive enzymes D. To facilitate the absorption of nutrients Answer: To regulate the passage of waste to the hindgut (B) The pyloric sphincter serves as a demarcation line between the midgut and hindgut and controls the deposition of waste. 35. Which of the following is NOT a step in the chewing and cutting feeding process? A. Making mechanical connection with the food source B. Applying a lubricating fluid to the food C. Moving particles to the lumen of the gut D. Securing the food relative to the mouthparts Answer: Making mechanical connection with the food source (A) Making mechanical connections with the food source is a component of the piercing-sucking feeding process, not chewing and cutting. 36. What is the significance of the recognition of the target in the piercing-sucking feeding process? A. To assist in the breakdown of tough food materials B. To initiate the chewing process for solid food C. To inform the insect when it has reached the food D. To facilitate absorption of nutrients into the body Answer: To inform the insect when it has reached the food (C) In piercing-sucking feeding, the insect needs appropriate signals to know when it has reached the food. 37. Which of the following components is essential for the uptake of food in piercing-sucking insects? A. Salivary enzymes to break down food B. Muscles to chew the food C. A structure to convey food to the mouth D. Mouthparts capable of grinding food Answer: A structure to convey food to the mouth (C) A structure is necessary to convey the food to the mouth of the insect in the piercing-sucking process. 38. What type of mouthparts do insects with biting and chewing feeding mechanisms utilize? A. Proboscis for liquid uptake B. Chewing and cutting components C. Stylets for penetration D. Mandibles for sucking Answer: Chewing and cutting components (B) Insects with biting and chewing mechanisms use chewing and cutting components to process their food. 39. Which factor is important in the deep penetration phase of the piercing-sucking feeding process? A. Adapting mechanisms to traverse barriers B. Creating pressure gradients for food movement C. The ability to recognize food targets D. The lubrication of the mouthparts Answer: Adapting mechanisms to traverse barriers (A) Deep penetration requires specialized structures or mechanisms to traverse protective layers and reach liquid food. 40. In chewing insects, what is the role of the lubricating fluid? A. To facilitate movement of food through the gut B. To enhance the flavor of food C. To aid in the swallowing process D. To prevent damage to mouthparts during chewing Answer: To facilitate movement of food through the gut (A) The lubricating fluid helps in moving food particles through the digestive system. 41. What is needed to create a pressure gradient in the food canal of piercing-sucking insects? A. Muscular contractions for movement B. Cutting tools for food preparation C. Digestive enzymes to dissolve food D. Pumping devices for food transport Answer: Pumping devices for food transport (D) Pumping devices are essential for creating a pressure gradient necessary for moving food along the canal. 42. Which method is essential for the detachment of food pieces in chewing insects? A. Utilization of saliva to soften food B. Mechanical action of mouthparts C. Chemical breakdown of food substances D. Sound signals to attract food Answer: Mechanical action of mouthparts (B) The mechanical action of mouthparts is crucial for detaching food pieces from their source during the chewing process. 43. Which feeding mechanism requires the use of specialized structures like stylets? A. Swallowing B. Chewing-Cutting C. Grazing D. Piercing-Sucking Answer: Piercing-Sucking (D) Piercing-sucking feeding mechanisms often employ specialized structures such as stylets to penetrate food barriers. 44. Which characteristic differentiates Class Arachnida from Class Crustacea? A. Presence of antennae B. Presence of chelicerae C. Compound eyes on stalks D. Biramous appendages Answer: Presence of chelicerae (B) Class Arachnida is characterized by the presence of chelicerae and lacks antennae. 45. What is a common feature of centipedes belonging to Class Chilopoda? A. External segmentation is distinct B. Biramous appendages C. Gonopore located on segment 1 D. Two pairs of legs per segment Answer: External segmentation is distinct (A) Centipedes have distinct external segmentation and possess one pair of legs per segment, except for some segments. 46. In Class Diplopoda, how is the thorax characterized? A. Thorax is distinctly segmented from the abdomen B. Only one pair of legs is present on each segment C. Legs are not present on the thorax D. Each thoracic segment has two pairs of legs Answer: Each thoracic segment has two pairs of legs (D) In Class Diplopoda, each thoracic segment has one pair of legs, while the abdomen usually has two pairs. 47. Which structure is unique to the reproductive system of Class Crustacea? A. Paired gonopores at base of thoracic appendages B. Unpaired gonopore in trunk segment 4 C. Chelicerae for reproduction D. Hidden gonopore in opisthosoma Answer: Paired gonopores at base of thoracic appendages (A) Class Crustacea has a unique reproductive feature where gonopores are found at the base of posterior thoracic appendages. 48. What distinguishes the body structure of organisms in Class Arachnida from those in Class Diplopoda? A. Presence of an unsegmented carapace B. Tagmata composed of prosoma and opisthosoma C. External segmentation evident D. Number of legs per segment Answer: Tagmata composed of prosoma and opisthosoma (B) Class Arachnida has a body composed of the prosoma and opisthosoma, compared to the segmented body structure of Diplopoda. 49. What is a notable feature of the appendages found in Class Crustacea? A. All appendages are modified into mandibles B. Lack of segmented structure C. Uniramous type with single branches D. Biramous type with two branches Answer: Biramous type with two branches (D) Class Crustacea is characterized by biramous appendages that are composed of two branches. 50. Which reproductive structure is associated with Class Chilopoda? A. Exclusively internal reproductive structures B. Gonopore located in the head region C. Paired gonopores at base of thorax D. Gonopore on segment 4 of trunk Answer: Gonopore on segment 4 of trunk (D) Class Chilopoda has a distinct unpaired gonopore located at segment 4 of the trunk in front of the legs. 51. What is the primary characteristic of appendages in Class Arachnida? A. Two pairs of antennae B. Biramous structure C. Four pairs of legs D. Mandibles present Answer: Four pairs of legs (C) Class Arachnida typically has four pairs of legs as a primary characteristic. 52. What function do the alary muscles serve in the insect heart? A. They force hemolymph forward from chamber to chamber. B. They inflate the blood sinuses. C. They regulate the volume of hemolymph in the body cavity. D. They enable the heart to contract more quickly. Answer: They force hemolymph forward from chamber to chamber. (A) Alary muscles are responsible for the peristaltic contractions that move hemolymph through the chambers of the heart. 53. What happens to the ostia during the diastolic phase of the heart? A. They are actively pumping hemolymph. B. They open to allow inflow of hemolymph. C. They contract to push the hemolymph out. D. They remain closed to maintain pressure. Answer: They open to allow inflow of hemolymph. (B) During the diastolic phase, the ostia open, allowing fresh hemolymph to enter the heart from the body cavity. 54. What is the primary component of insect hemolymph? A. Cells known as hemocytes. B. A viscous substance similar to blood. C. About 90% plasma, a watery fluid. D. Wastes and toxic substances. Answer: About 90% plasma, a watery fluid. (C) Insect hemolymph is primarily composed of plasma, which makes up approximately 90% of its volume. 55. What role do the blood sinuses play in the insect's circulatory system? A. They facilitate the circulation of hemolymph throughout the body. B. They hold excess hemolymph during times of activity. C. They assist in digestion by mixing enzymes with nutrients. D. They provide structural support to the heart. Answer: They facilitate the circulation of hemolymph throughout the body. (A) The blood sinuses, created by diaphragms, divide the body cavity and help in the circulation of hemolymph. 56. What can overwintering insects accumulate in their hemolymph to prevent freezing? A. Compounds such as ribulose, trehalose, or glycerol. B. High levels of potassium ions. C. Elevated concentrations of nitrogenous waste. D. Excess hemocytes to combat pathogens. Answer: Compounds such as ribulose, trehalose, or glycerol. (A) Many overwintering insects store compounds like ribulose, trehalose, or glycerol to prevent their hemolymph from freezing in cold temperatures. 57. What does the coronal suture typically do on an insect's head capsule? A. Splits into two frontal sutures B. Encircles the compound eyes C. Divides the head into dorsal and ventral regions D. Runs along the posterior margin of the occiput Answer: Splits into two frontal sutures (A) The coronal suture runs along the midline of the vertex and splits into two frontal sutures. 58. Which sclerite lies between the frontal sutures on an insect's head? A. Subgena B. Clypeus C. Frons D. Vertex Answer: Frons (C) The triangular sclerite called the frons lies between the frontal sutures. 59. Where can the occipital suture be found on an insect's head? A. Surrounding the head capsule's posterior margin B. At the base of the frons C. Running vertically along the vertex D. Separating the clypeus from the genae Answer: Surrounding the head capsule's posterior margin (A) The occipital suture circumscribes the head capsule at the posterior margin of the vertex and genae. 60. What is the primary function of the cervical membrane in insects? A. To allow head movement B. To support the antennae C. To attach the head to the thorax D. To protect the eyes from damage Answer: To allow head movement (A) The cervical membrane allows considerable freedom of movement for protraction and retraction of the insect's head. 61. Which sclerite is identified as the 'cheek' of the insect's head? A. Occiput B. Clypeus C. Frontal D. Genae Answer: Genae (D) The genae, commonly referred to as the 'cheeks', are lateral sclerites behind the frontal sutures. 62. What is the postoccipital suture a remnant of in insect evolution? A. The sixth body segment B. The first body segment C. The third body segment D. The fourth body segment Answer: The sixth body segment (A) The postoccipital suture marks the vestige of the sixth primitive segment that fused to form the insect's head. 63. What separates the frons from the clypeus on the insect's head? A. Frontal suture B. Occipital suture C. Epistomal suture D. Coronal suture Answer: Epistomal suture (C) The epistomal suture is a deep groove that separates the base of the frons from the clypeus. 64. What is the structure that serves as a point of attachment for muscles controlling head movements? A. Subgena B. Cervical sclerites C. Occipital suture D. Apodeme Answer: Cervical sclerites (B) Small cervical sclerites serve as points of attachment for muscles that control head movements. 65. Which of the following is considered a remnant of the primitive segments in the head structure of insects? A. Postgenae B. Clypeus C. Frontal suture D. Genae Answer: Postgenae (A) Postgenae are tiny sclerites that are probably remnants of the fifth primitive segment. 66. What is the main role of the apodeme found in the insect head capsule? A. Providing lubrication B. Connecting sensory organs C. Strengthening the structure D. Facilitating respiration Answer: Strengthening the structure (C) The apodeme serves to strengthen the part of the head capsule where it is located. 67. Which type of antennae is characterized by segments becoming more slender dorsally? A. Capitate B. Clavate C. Setaceous D. Filiform Answer: Setaceous (C) Setaceous antennae have segments that become more slender towards the top. 68. Which antennae type has segments that are nearly uniform in size and cylindrical? A. Filiform B. Plumose C. Moniliform D. Serrate Answer: Filiform (A) Filiform antennae are characterized by segments that are almost uniform in size. 69. Which type of antennae is described as abruptly clubbed? A. Aristate B. Pectinate C. Lamellate D. Capitate Answer: Capitate (D) Capitate antennae are characterized by an abrupt widening at the tip. 70. Which type of mouthparts is commonly found in insects that engage in biting and chewing? A. Mandible B. Stylet C. Proboscis D. Beak Answer: Mandible (A) Mandibles are the primary mouthparts used for biting and chewing. 71. Which type of antennae is known for having segments with long, slender lateral processes? A. Stylate B. Serrate C. Plumose D. Pectinate Answer: Pectinate (D) Pectinate antennae feature segments that have long lateral processes resembling a comb. 72. In insects with aristate antennae, what is a notable feature of the last segment? A. It is beaded and uniform. B. It is elongated and styled. C. It bears a conspicuous arista. D. It has triangular segments. Answer: It bears a conspicuous arista. (C) Aristate antennae have the last segment enlarged and featuring a conspicuous arista. 73. Which type of antennae is represented by the female giant click beetle? A. Clavate B. Serrate C. Geniculate D. Setaceous Answer: Serrate (B) Serrate antennae are found in the female giant click beetle, typically having saw-toothed segments. 74. What type of antennae is most closely associated with male mosquitoes? A. Plumose B. Stylate C. Filiform D. Capitate Answer: Plumose (A) Male mosquitoes possess plumose antennae that are feathery in appearance. 75. Which antennae type is characterized by segments that are similar in size and cylindrical shape? A. Geniculate B. Clavate C. Lamellate D. Moniliform Answer: Moniliform (D) Moniliform antennae consist of segments that are similar in size and have a cylindrical shape. 76. Which type of mouthparts do insects with piercing and sucking feeding mechanisms primarily utilize? A. Beak B. Labrum C. Mandibular D. Stylet Answer: Stylet (D) Insects with piercing and sucking feeding mechanisms predominantly utilize stylets. 77. What is the primary function of the thorax in insects? A. Respiration B. Locomotion C. Reproduction D. Digestion Answer: Locomotion (B) The thorax is primarily adapted for locomotion and houses the musculature for legs and wings. 78. Which of the following components is NOT part of the leg structure in insects? A. Trochanter B. Coxa C. Tarsus D. Mesopectus Answer: Mesopectus (D) The mesopectus is not a recognized component of insect leg structure. 79. How many segments make up the thoracic structure of an insect? A. One B. Four C. Two D. Three Answer: Three (D) The thorax is composed of three segments: prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax. 80. What are the dorsal sclerites of the thoracic segments called? A. Apodeme B. Notum C. Pleura D. Sternum Answer: Notum (B) The dorsal sclerites of each thoracic segment are known as the notum. 81. What is the function of the maxillae and labium in bees? A. Regulating airflow B. Supporting wing movement C. Grasping prey D. Absorbing nectar Answer: Absorbing nectar (D) The maxillae and labium form a lapping tongue that absorbs nectar. 82. Which part of the insect leg articulates with the coxa? A. Femus B. Tibia C. Trochanter D. Tarsus Answer: Trochanter (C) The trochanter is the segment that articulates with the coxa. 83. What role does the pleural apodeme serve in the thorax of insects with wings? A. Support for the abdomen B. Attachment point for muscle C. Barrier against predators D. Fulcrum for the base of the wing Answer: Fulcrum for the base of the wing (D) The pleural apodeme serves as a pivot or fulcrum for the base of the wing. 84. What type of mouthparts do bees use for manipulating nest materials? A. Piercing B. Chewing-lapping C. Biting-sucking D. Siphoning Answer: Chewing-lapping (B) Bees have chewing-lapping mouthparts used for grasping prey and manipulating materials. 85. Which structure is involved in strengthening the sides of the thorax? A. Episternum B. Apodeme C. Sternal ridge D. Scutum Answer: Apodeme (B) The pleural suture marks the location of an internal ridge of exoskeleton (apodeme) that strengthens the thorax. 86. What is the total number of walking legs an insect typically has? A. Eight B. Two C. Four D. Six Answer: Six (D) Most insects have three pairs of walking legs, totaling six legs. 87. Who was the first Filipino to obtain a doctoral degree in entomology? A. Leopoldo B. Uichanco B. Otanes C. W. Schultz D. Gonzalo Merino Answer: Leopoldo B. Uichanco (A) Leopoldo B. Uichanco made significant contributions to the field of entomology in the Philippines. 88. What was the primary focus of the Plant Pest Section after it became a separate division? A. Plant Quarantine B. Locust campaigns C. Plant Pathology D. Entomology Answer: Entomology (D) The Plant Pest Section was reorganized into three sections, one of which was Entomology. 89. In which year was the Locust Scouting Act passed, providing funding for locust control efforts? A. 1922 B. 1924 C. 1921 D. 1917 Answer: 1924 (B) The Locust Scouting Act (Act 3163) was important for addressing locust issues in the Philippines. 90. Which method was reported as effective for the control of migratory locusts in 1923? A. Crop rotation practices B. Introduction of a natural predator C. Use of soap as an insecticide D. Fumigation with chemicals Answer: Use of soap as an insecticide (C) Soap was found to be an effective contact insecticide against migratory locusts. 91. What significant event did H.E. Woodworth publish in 1921-1922 related to harmful insects? A. Catalog of beneficial insects B. First publication on the biology of pests C. First comprehensive host-index of insects injurious to crops D. Development of a new pest control technique Answer: First comprehensive host-index of insects injurious to crops (C) H.E. Woodworth's publication was a crucial resource for understanding insect- related crop damage. 92. What was a notable contribution of Otanes in 1918? A. Development of insecticides B. Establishment of entomology programs C. Research on beanfly biology D. Introduction of new insect species Answer: Research on beanfly biology (C) Otanes elucidated the biology of the beanfly, which remains a serious pest of legumes. 93. Which insect was introduced to Hawaii to control the melon fly? A. Banana weevil B. Psyllids C. Opius humilis D. Scolia manilae Answer: Opius humilis (C) Opius humilis was introduced as a biological control agent for the melon fly. 94. What was the first private donation to the University for entomological work, and how much was it? A. PhP4,000.00 for insectary construction B. PhP2,500.00 for pest control training C. PhP10,000.00 for research funding D. PhP5,000.00 for laboratory equipment Answer: PhP4,000.00 for insectary construction (A) The donation from the Hawaii Sugar Planter’s Association was crucial for advancing entomological research. 95. Which type of antennae is characterized by segments that are gradually increased in size? A. Filiform B. Setaceous C. Clavate D. Moniliform Answer: Clavate (C) Clavate antennae have segments that gradually increase in size, resembling a club. 96. What type of antennae is known for being thread-like and nearly uniform in size? A. Capitate B. Lamellate C. Filiform D. Pectinate Answer: Filiform (C) Filiform antennae have segments that are nearly uniform in size and appear cylindrical. 97. Which antennae type has segments that are described as bead- like? A. Moniliform B. Serrate C. Stylate D. Pectinate Answer: Moniliform (A) Moniliform antennae have segments that are similar in size and can be described as bead-like. 98. Which antennae type exhibits a saw-toothed appearance, particularly towards the distal half? A. Geniculate B. Aristate C. Serrate D. Plumose Answer: Serrate (C) Serrate antennae have segments that create a saw-toothed appearance, especially in the distal area. 99. Which type of antennae is primarily associated with male glow- worms? A. Pectinate B. Geniculate C. Plumose D. Capitate Answer: Pectinate (A) Pectinate antennae, characterized by long and slender lateral processes, are often found in male glow-worms. 100. Which type of antennae has a distinctive feather-like or brush- like appearance due to segments with whorls of long hairs? A. Setaceous B. Serrate C. Plumose D. Moniliform Answer: Plumose (B) Plumose antennae are feathery, with segments that have whorls of long hairs, typically seen in male mosquitoes. 101. Which antennae type is characterized by an abrupt club-like formation at the end? A. Capitate B. Filiform C. Lamellate D. Stylate Answer: Capitate (A) Capitate antennae feature an abruptly enlarged segment at the end, resembling a club. 102. Which type of antennae is typically found in bees and ants, characterized by being elbowed? A. Stylate B. Filiform C. Clavate D. Geniculate Answer: Geniculate (D) Geniculate antennae have a distinctive elbowed shape, commonly found in bees and ants. 103. What type of antennae has nested plates and is typically associated with scarab beetles? A. Capitate B. Serrate C. Lamellate D. Setaceous Answer: Lamellate (C) Lamellate antennae consist of nested plates and are often found in scarab beetles. 104. Which type of antennae is often described as having an elongate terminal finger-like process? A. Pectinate B. Aristate C. Stylate D. Capitate Answer: Stylate (C) Stylate antennae feature a terminal elongate finger-like process, giving them a unique appearance. 105. What role do alary muscles play in the insect heart? A. They contribute to the formation of hemocytes. B. They aid in the circulation of hemolymph by contracting. C. They expand the heart during relaxation. D. They create valves to prevent backflow of hemolymph. Answer: They aid in the circulation of hemolymph by contracting. (B) Alary muscles are responsible for peristaltic contractions that force hemolymph forward from chamber to chamber. 106. Which structure is responsible for the direction of hemolymph flow in the insect heart? A. Blood sinuses B. Aorta C. Diaphragm D. Ostia Answer: Ostia (D) Ostia (valves) are crucial for ensuring the one-way flow of hemolymph in the insect's heart. 107. What primarily contributes to the prevention of freezing in overwintering insects? A. High levels of hemocytes. B. Low concentration of proteins in hemolymph. C. Increased activity of the alary muscles. D. Presence of ribulose, trehalose, or glycerol in hemolymph. Answer: Presence of ribulose, trehalose, or glycerol in hemolymph. (D) Overwintering insects sequester ribulose, trehalose, or glycerol in plasma to prevent freezing. 108. How does the contraction rate of the insect heart generally respond to changes in temperature? A. It increases as ambient temperature decreases. B. It remains constant regardless of temperature changes. C. It decreases when the insect is at rest. D. It tends to rise as temperature or activity level increases. Answer: It tends to rise as temperature or activity level increases. (D) The contraction rate of the insect heart typically increases with rising temperature or activity level. 109. What function do the dorsal and ventral diaphragms serve in the insect body cavity? A. They increase the elasticity of the heart chambers. B. They facilitate gas exchange in the hemolymph. C. They assist in nutrient absorption from hemolymph. D. They separate the body cavity into compartments for hemolymph circulation. Answer: They separate the body cavity into compartments for hemolymph circulation. (D) The dorsal and ventral diaphragms divide the body cavity into compartments, which helps in the circulation of hemolymph. 110. What is the primary function of the Malpighian tubules in insects? A. Ionic regulation and excretion B. Circulation of hemolymph C. Nutrient absorption from food D. Thermoregulation Answer: Ionic regulation and excretion (A) Malpighian tubules primarily function to regulate ions and excrete waste products in insects. 111. How does an open circulatory system differ from a closed circulatory system? A. Blood is always contained within vessels in an open system. B. Blood makes direct contact with all internal tissues in an open system. C. Hemolymph is not in direct contact with internal tissues in a closed system. D. Nutrient transport is more efficient in a closed system. Answer: Blood makes direct contact with all internal tissues in an open system. (B) In an open circulatory system, hemolymph flows freely and directly contacts internal tissues, unlike in closed systems. 112. What role does the dorsal vessel play in the circulatory system of insects? A. It regulates temperature in the thorax. B. It produces blood cells for immune defense. C. It pumps hemolymph towards the head. D. It stores nutrients from food. Answer: It pumps hemolymph towards the head. (C) The dorsal vessel functions primarily to collect and pump hemolymph towards the head in insects. 113. Which of the following best describes the role of hemolymph in an insect's body? A. It serves as the spine for structural support. B. It provides nutrients and protects against parasites. C. It functions solely in thermoregulation. D. It aids in the transport of metabolic waste exclusively. Answer: It provides nutrients and protects against parasites. (B) Hemolymph transports nutrients, salts, hormones, and also plays a role in defense against parasites. 114. What is a significant physiological function of the hydraulic properties of hemolymph? A. Facilitating physical movements and expansion after molting. B. Facilitating nutrient absorption in the digestive system. C. Providing osmotic balance in marine environments. D. Regulating blood pH in the circulatory system. Answer: Facilitating physical movements and expansion after molting. (A) The hydraulic properties of hemolymph create internal pressure that aids in movements and physiological expansions. 115. Which component of the circulatory system is primarily involved in sealing off wounds? A. Clotting reaction mechanisms in hemolymph B. The dorsal vessel C. The heart D. The Malpighian tubules Answer: Clotting reaction mechanisms in hemolymph (A) The hemolymph has mechanisms to initiate clotting reactions that seal off wounds, providing defense. 116. What is one of the roles of hemolymph beyond nutrient transport? A. Acting as a digestive enzyme. B. Facilitating breathing by transporting oxygen. C. Providing buoyancy for aquatic insects. D. Generating hydrostatic pressure for movement. Answer: Generating hydrostatic pressure for movement. (D) Hemolymph plays a crucial role in generating hydrostatic pressure that aids in movement and other physiological functions. 117. Which of the following adaptations is important for thermoregulation in some insects? A. Circulation of hemolymph to conduct heat away B. Expansion of body parts through hydraulic pressure C. Maintaining a closed circulatory system D. Use of Malpighian tubules for ion regulation Answer: Circulation of hemolymph to conduct heat away (A) In some insects, the circulating hemolymph helps regulate body temperature by dissipating or retaining heat. 118. Which of the following describes a critical function of the insect's circulatory system during molting? A. It generates energy for muscle contractions. B. It aids in the development of wings. C. It increases oxygen levels in the hemolymph. D. It aids in physical movements and body expansion. Answer: It aids in physical movements and body expansion. (D) The circulatory system helps facilitate physical movements and body expansion during the molting process. 119. What adaptation do the distal ends of the Malpighian tubules provide for caterpillars? A. Regulation of body temperature during flight B. Improvement of nutrient absorption in the gut C. Optimization of water reabsorption from the hindgut D. Facilitation of gaseous exchange with surrounding air Answer: Optimization of water reabsorption from the hindgut (C) The modification of the hindgut in caterpillars allows for enhanced water uptake from the rectum. 120. What type of body structure is characteristic of Scarabaeiform larvae? A. Robust and 'C'-shaped with no abdominal prolegs B. Fleshy and worm-like with defined segments C. Long and cylindrical with a hard exoskeleton D. Smooth and elongated with well-developed thoracic legs Answer: Robust and 'C'-shaped with no abdominal prolegs (A) Scarabaeiform larvae are noted for their robust and 'C'-shaped body structure, having no abdominal prolegs. 121. Which adaptation is observed in Elateriform larvae regarding their legs? A. Long and spiny thoracic legs suited for digging B. Fleshy thoracic legs adapted for swimming C. Multi-segmented legs for walking and grasping D. Very short thoracic legs with a hard exoskeleton Answer: Very short thoracic legs with a hard exoskeleton (D) Elateriform larvae possess very short thoracic legs and a hard exoskeleton. 122. Identify the key feature of the body structure in Eruciform larvae. A. Thin and elongated with segmented thorax B. Robust and 'C'-shaped with prominent prolegs C. Worm-like and devoid of any larval appendages D. Smooth and cylindrical with a fleshy appearance Answer: Robust and 'C'-shaped with prominent prolegs (B) Eruciform larvae are characterized by their robust, 'C'-shaped bodies, equipped with prominent fleshy abdominal prolegs. 123. Which of the following best describes the thoracic legs found in most larvae? A. Highly developed for jumping and grabbing prey B. Short and often not used for locomotion C. Long and flexible for weaving through vegetation D. Long and segmented for effective burrowing Answer: Short and often not used for locomotion (B) Most larvae have short thoracic legs that are often not utilized for significant locomotion. 124. Which larval type is characterized by a hard exoskeleton and very short thoracic legs? A. Elateriform B. Eruciform C. Campodeiform D. Scarabaeiform Answer: Elateriform (A) Elateriform larvae exhibit a hard exoskeleton and very short thoracic legs. 125. What is a common feature of body shape and leg adaptation in Scarabaeiform larvae? A. Long, cylindrical with long, segmented legs B. Robust, 'C'-shaped with short thoracic legs C. Flat and horizontal with elongated thoracic legs D. Thin and delicate with flexible, fleshy legs Answer: Robust, 'C'-shaped with short thoracic legs (B) Scarabaeiform larvae are noted for their robust, 'C'-shaped bodies and their short thoracic legs. 126. What distinguishing characteristic defines Elateriform larvae? A. Broad and flattened with pronounced leg structures B. Short and segmented with prominent spiracles C. Adapted for crawling with fleshy prolegs D. Characterized by a hard exoskeleton and cylindrical shape Answer: Characterized by a hard exoskeleton and cylindrical shape (D) Elateriform larvae are specifically defined by their hard exoskeleton and smooth, cylindrical body shape. 127. Which statement is true about Scarabaeiform larvae? A. Their body structure is typically long and slender. B. They possess long, flexible thoracic legs for climbing. C. They have no abdominal prolegs and a robust body. D. They are known for their ability to swim effectively. Answer: They have no abdominal prolegs and a robust body. (C) Scarabaeiform larvae are characterized by a robust body without abdominal prolegs. 128. What type of body shape do Eruciform larvae typically exhibit? A. Long and cylindrical B. Fleshy and worm-like C. Thin and flat D. Robust and 'C'-shaped Answer: Robust and 'C'-shaped (D) Eruciform larvae are usually robust and have a 'C'-shaped body structure. 129. Which characteristic is least likely associated with Elateriform larvae? A. Smooth and cylindrical body B. Very short thoracic legs C. Robust 'C'-shaped structure D. Hard exoskeleton Answer: Robust 'C'-shaped structure (C) Elateriform larvae are smooth and cylindrical, not typically robust or 'C'-shaped. 130. What is the primary function of the Malpighian tubules in caterpillars? A. Water uptake from the environment B. Waste excretion C. Ionic regulation D. Nutrient storage Answer: Ionic regulation (C) Malpighian tubules in caterpillars are primarily involved in ionic regulation. 131. Which statement accurately describes the circulatory system of insects? A. It is a closed system that prevents blood from contacting tissues. B. It relies on hemolymph which flows freely in body cavities. C. It has no role in defense mechanisms. D. It functions exclusively in nutrient transport. Answer: It relies on hemolymph which flows freely in body cavities. (B) Insects have an open circulatory system where hemolymph flows freely within body cavities, making direct contact with internal tissues. 132. What is the role of the dorsal vessel in an insect's circulatory system? A. Conducts hemolymph from the abdomen to the head B. Contains hemolymph in a closed system C. Serves as a respiratory organ D. Functions mainly for nutrient absorption Answer: Conducts hemolymph from the abdomen to the head (A) The dorsal vessel runs along the dorsal body wall and collects hemolymph in the abdomen, conducting it toward the head. 133. How does the insect circulatory system contribute to thermoregulation? A. By generating heat through muscle contractions B. By conducting excess heat away or circulating absorbed heat C. By directing blood flow to static environments D. By facilitating nutrient absorption in colder conditions Answer: By conducting excess heat away or circulating absorbed heat (B) The circulatory system helps manage body temperature by either cooling through blood flow or warming through collected heat. 134. In what way does hemolymph differ from blood in a closed circulatory system? A. Hemolymph makes direct contact with tissues and organs. B. Hemolymph is restricted to veins and arteries. C. Hemolymph only transports nutrients. D. Hemolymph does not assist in thermoregulation. Answer: Hemolymph makes direct contact with tissues and organs. (A) In an open circulatory system, hemolymph flows freely and makes direct contact with internal tissues and organs. 135. Who was the first entomological investigator to visit the Philippines? A. Hans Herman Behr B. Carl Semper C. Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz D. Hugh Cuming Answer: Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz (C) Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz was noted as the first entomological investigator to visit the Philippines. 136. What was a significant outcome of the introduction of the starling in 1849? A. Protection of crops from rodents B. Increase in butterfly diversity C. Control of locust population D. Introduction of new insect species Answer: Control of locust population (C) The introduction of the starling, known as 'Martinez,' aimed to control locust populations, marking an early attempt at biological control. 137. Which entomologist published characteristics of new insects from Manila in 1837? A. J.O. Westwood B. Hugh Cuming C. Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz D. Pierre Joseph Michael Lorquin Answer: J.O. Westwood (A) J.O. Westwood published new characteristics of insects collected by Hugh Cuming from Manila. 138. What did Carl Stal contribute to the field of entomology related to the Philippines in 1870? A. Publication on Hemiptera B. Studies on Lepidoptera C. Earliest report on Hymenoptera D. Neuroptera descriptions Answer: Publication on Hemiptera (A) Carl Stal published findings on Hemiptera Insularum Philippinarum, which were significant for Philippine entomology. 139. In what year did Hugh Cuming collect important insect specimens in Luzon? A. 1830 B. 1856 C. 1826 D. 1848 Answer: 1830 (A) Hugh Cuming's collection efforts in Luzon occurred in 1830, which contributed to important publications in Philippine entomology. 140. Which type of insects did Hans Herman Behr specifically focus on during his stay in the Philippines? A. Lepidoptera B. Hymenoptera C. Diptera D. Coleoptera Answer: Lepidoptera (A) Hans Herman Behr was known to focus his collections on Lepidoptera during his two-year stay in the Philippines. 141. Which entomology-related event occurred with the opening of the port of Manila in 1830? A. Increased biological control attempts B. Ban on foreign insect collection C. Elimination of previously established species D. Access for foreign explorers to the Philippines Answer: Access for foreign explorers to the Philippines (D) The opening of Manila's port allowed foreign explorers, other than Spaniards, to enter and explore the region. 142. What was the main focus of the publications resulting from German entomologist Carl Semper's collections? A. Neuroptera B. Lepidoptera C. Coleoptera D. Hymenoptera Answer: Lepidoptera (B) Carl Semper's collections in the Philippines led to several publications focused primarily on Lepidoptera. 143. Who was the first to establish veterinary entomology in the Philippines? A. C.Ludlow B. M.S. Mitzmain C. D.D. Mackie D. C.H. Schultz Answer: M.S. Mitzmain (B) M.S. Mitzmain was the first to establish veterinary entomology in the country. 144. What significant chemical discovery in pest control was presented by F.O. Cevallos? A. Kerosene emulsion and white arsenic B. Insect growth regulators C. Chemical repellents for insect pests D. Biopesticides derived from natural substances Answer: Kerosene emulsion and white arsenic (A) F.O. Cevallos presented on the use of chemicals such as kerosene emulsion and white arsenic for pest control. 145. Which act initiated the first Plant Quarantine Law in the Philippines? A. Plant Protection Act B. Act No. 2472 C. Act No. 2145 D. Agricultural Quarantine Act Answer: Act No. 2145 (C) The first Plant Quarantine Law in the Philippines was established by Act No. 2145. 146. What year did the Department of Entomology get established at the U.P. College of Agriculture? A. 1911 B. 1909 C. 1908 D. 1910 Answer: 1910 (D) The Department of Entomology was established in 1909, but the entomology section was organized in 1910. 147. Who were the primary contributors to augmenting the knowledge of Philippine insect fauna? A. Charles F. Baker and Julian Valdez B. C.Ludlow and C.R. Jones C. F.O. Cevallos and M.S. Mitzmain D. E.M. Ledyard and D.D. Mackie Answer: Charles F. Baker and Julian Valdez (A) Charles F. Baker, with the assistance of Julian Valdez, significantly contributed to the knowledge of Philippine insect fauna. 148. In what year was the Philippine Agriculturist and Forester journal founded? A. 1909 B. 1910 C. 1911 D. 1912 Answer: 1911 (C) The Philippine Agriculturist and Forester was founded in 1911. 149. What was one of the earliest works on invasive pest control chemicals used in the Philippines? A. Diatomaceous earth B. Bordeaux mixture C. Resin wash D. Malathion Answer: Bordeaux mixture (B) One of the earliest works on pest control chemicals included the Bordeaux mixture tested for agricultural use. 150. Which insect pest was identified by M.S. Mitzmain as a vector for surra in carabaos? A. Aedes aegypti B. Tabanus stratus C. Culex pipiens D. Musca domestica Answer: Tabanus stratus (B) M.S. Mitzmain found that Tabanus stratus, the common housefly, transmits surra, a disease affecting carabaos. 151. Which section was first headed by C.R. Jones in the Bureau of Agriculture? A. Pest Control Section B. Entomology Section C. Agricultural Studies Division D. Plant Industry Division Answer: Plant Industry Division (D) C.R. Jones was the first head of the Plant Industry Division within the Bureau of Agriculture. 152. What is a notable legislation enacted in 1915 regarding pests? A. Plant Protection Act of 1915 B. Agricultural Pest Management Act C. Insect Control Act No. 1915 D. Locust Act No. 2472 Answer: Locust Act No. 2472 (D) The Locust Act No. 2472 was enacted in 1915 to address pest control issues. 153. What mechanism is responsible for sucking food into the pharynx in insects with piercing/sucking mouthparts? A. Proventriculus pump B. Cibarial pump C. Stomodeal pump D. Gastric pump Answer: Cibarial pump (B) The cibarial pump creates suction by enlarging the volume of the pharynx. 154. What is the primary role of the proventriculus in the digestive system of insects? A. Storing food temporarily B. Grinding food particles C. Suction of food D. Absorption of nutrients Answer: Grinding food particles (B) The proventriculus contains tooth-like denticles that grind and pulverize food particles. 155. Which structure serves to regulate the flow of food from the stomodeum to the mesenteron? A. Cibarial valve B. Gastric caecum C. Stomodeal valve D. Crop valve Answer: Stomodeal valve (C) The stomodeal valve is a sphincter muscle that regulates the flow of food. 156. Where does enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption primarily occur in the insect alimentary canal? A. Ventriculus B. Proventriculus C. Gastric caecae D. Crop Answer: Ventriculus (A) The ventriculus is the primary site for enzymatic digestion and absorption of nutrients. 157. Which component provides extra surface area for enzyme secretion or absorption in the midgut? A. Microvilli B. Gastric caecae C. Cardial epithelium D. Peritrophic membrane Answer: Gastric caecae (B) The gastric caecae are finger-like projections that enhance surface area for secretion and absorption. 158. What type of membrane protects the delicate digestive cells in the midgut without inhibiting absorption? A. Peritrophic membrane B. Epithelial membrane C. Semipermeable membrane D. Chitinous membrane Answer: Peritrophic membrane (A) The peritrophic membrane consists of chitin fibrils and a protein-carbohydrate matrix, safeguarding digestive cells. 159. In what manner do food particles move from the pharynx to the esophagus? A. Peristalsis B. Active transport C. Osmosis D. Diffusion Answer: Peristalsis (A) Food moves into the esophagus through peristalsis, which are rhythmic muscular contractions. 160. What function is performed by salivary enzymes in the buccal cavity? A. Storage of food B. Grinding of food C. Modification of absorption D. Digestion of proteins Answer: Digestion of proteins (D) Salivary enzymes aid in digestion, contributing to the breakdown of food before it enters the crop. 161. How is the midgut protected given that it is derived from embryonic endoderm? A. Through a peritrophic membrane B. By an external cuticle C. Through mineralization D. By mucus secretion Answer: Through a peritrophic membrane (A) The midgut is lined with a semipermeable peritrophic membrane that protects while allowing nutrient absorption. 162. What is the primary purpose of the crop in the digestive system of insects? A. Immediate digestion B. Enzyme secretion C. Mechanical breakdown D. Storage of food Answer: Storage of food (D) The crop serves as a food-storage organ, holding food until it can be processed further. 163. What is the primary function of the ungues in the pretarsus? A. To assist in swimming B. To aid in digging soil C. To provide adhesion to surfaces D. To act as a claw for grasping Answer: To act as a claw for grasping (D) Ungues are claws that serve as tools for grasping and manipulation. 164. Which leg adaptation best describes the forelegs of a praying mantid? A. Adapted for swimming B. Adapted for catching prey C. Adapted for running D. Adapted for digging Answer: Adapted for catching prey (B) Praying mantids have raptorial forelegs designed for catching and grasping prey. 165. How are natatorial legs adapted for their function? A. Flattened and equipped with long hairs B. Hook-like for clinging C. Enlarged for powerful jumping D. Scraper-like for digging Answer: Flattened and equipped with long hairs (A) Natatorial legs are specifically adapted for swimming and have a flattened structure. 166. Which description fits the characteristics of fossorial leg adaptations? A. Legs equipped with scraper-like parts for digging B. Prolonged and robust legs for jumping C. Clawed legs for anchoring to surface D. Broad segments with bristle-like structures Answer: Legs equipped with scraper-like parts for digging (A) Fossorial legs have scraper-like adaptations suited for digging in soil. 167. What is the role of pulvilli in the pretarsus structure? A. To enhance swimming efficiency B. To aid in capturing prey C. To provide additional gripping ability D. To facilitate jumping actions Answer: To provide additional gripping ability (C) Pulvilli are adhesive pads that enhance the insect's ability to grip surfaces. 168. Which adaptation is characteristic of insects that depend on clinging to a host? A. Raptorial adaptations with spines B. Hook-like tarsus to grasp hosts C. Natatorial adaptations for swimming D. Saltatorial adaptations with enlarged hind femur Answer: Hook-like tarsus to grasp hosts (B) Insects that cling to hosts have a hook-like structure at the end of their tarsus. 169. Which type of leg adaptation would you expect to see in grasshoppers? A. Natatorial legs B. Raptorial legs C. Fossorial legs D. Saltatorial legs Answer: Saltatorial legs (D) Grasshoppers exhibit saltatorial adaptations that enhance their ability to jump. 170. What is the main function of the arolium in the pretarsus? A. To allow for rapid movement on flat surfaces B. To provide a sticky surface for adhesion C. To serve as a claw D. To assist in swimming Answer: To provide a sticky surface for adhesion (B) The arolium is an adhesive pad that aids in adhesion during movement. 171. Which insect is noted for having fossorial adaptations and is known for its digging behavior? A. Mole crickets B. Cockroaches C. Diving bugs D. Grasshoppers Answer: Mole crickets (A) Mole crickets possess fossorial adaptations that facilitate digging in soil. 172. Which of the following adaptations would be most beneficial for an insect that primarily swims? A. Fossorial legs with scraping features B. Raptorial legs with spines C. Saltatorial legs with large femurs D. Natatorial legs with flattened segments Answer: Natatorial legs with flattened segments (D) Natatorial legs, characterized by flattened segments, are specially adapted for swimming. 173. What is the main purpose of the modification of the hindgut in caterpillars? A. Increasing reproductive efficiency B. Facilitating oxygen exchange C. Enhancing ionic regulation D. Improving nutrient absorption Answer: Enhancing ionic regulation (C) In caterpillars, the hindgut modification is primarily concerned with ionic regulation. 174. Which component of the insect circulatory system is primarily responsible for collecting hemolymph? A. Hemolymph glands B. Dorsal vessel C. Abdominal arteries D. Peripheral veins Answer: Dorsal vessel (B) The dorsal vessel runs longitudinally and collects hemolymph in the abdomen of insects. 175. How does the open circulatory system of insects differ from that of vertebrates? A. Blood is referred to as hemolymph in insects. B. Insects lack any type of circulatory fluid. C. Insects have blood confined within vessels. D. Insects possess a heart that pumps blood efficiently. Answer: Blood is referred to as hemolymph in insects. (A) Insects refer to their circulatory fluid as hemolymph, unlike vertebrates that have blood confined within vessels. 176. What critical role does the circulatory system play in insect defense mechanisms? A. Regulates hormonal balance during stress B. Facilitates respirations through blood exchange C. Increases metabolic rates after injury D. Seals wounds through a clotting reaction Answer: Seals wounds through a clotting reaction (D) The circulatory system in insects seals off wounds to defend against potential harm. 177. What is a primary function of hydrostatic pressure in the insect circulatory system? A. Assisting in physical movements and reproduction B. Maintaining blood viscosity C. Facilitating nutrient breakdown in the gut D. Regulating hormonal secretion in tissues Answer: Assisting in physical movements and reproduction (A) Hydrostatic pressure generated by muscle contractions is crucial for facilitating various physical movements and reproductive processes. 178. Which specialized field in entomology focuses on the study of the interrelationship of insects to their environment? A. Medical Entomology B. Insect Morphology C. Insect Toxicology D. Insect Ecology Answer: Insect Ecology (D) Insect Ecology is specifically concerned with how insects interact with their environment. 179. Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with entomological studies? A. High reproductive potential B. Varied developmental stages C. Rigid impermeable exoskeleton D. Ability to breathe underwater Answer: Ability to breathe underwater (D) The ability to breathe underwater is not a typical characteristic observed in entomological studies. 180. What aspect of insects does economic entomology primarily deal with? A. Physical and chemical changes in insects B. Insects found in aquatic ecosystems C. Insects that affect agricultural practices D. Species that are beneficial or harmful Answer: Species that are beneficial or harmful (D) Economic entomology focuses on species that have beneficial or harmful impacts. 181. Which of the following describes the primary focus of medical entomology? A. Insects found in the forest ecosystem B. Insects that serve as vectors for diseases C. Insects that damage crops D. Insects with specialized feeding mechanisms Answer: Insects that serve as vectors for diseases (B) Medical entomology specifically studies insects that act as vectors for human and animal diseases. 182. What type of changes does insect physiology primarily investigate? A. Behavioral adaptations to new environments B. Developmental stages of insects C. Population dynamics of insect species D. Physical and chemical changes in the insect body Answer: Physical and chemical changes in the insect body (D) Insect physiology looks into the physical and chemical changes and functions within an insect's body. 183. Which of the following does NOT pertain to the study of insect morphology? A. Insect behavior patterns B. Structure-function relationships C. Development of an insect's form and structure D. Comparative anatomy Answer: Insect behavior patterns (A) Insect behavior patterns are not part of insect morphology, which focuses on their form and structure. 184. What is a significant factor in the development of Philippine entomology? A. The written records of Dr. Bernardo P. Gabriel B. The establishment of the Philippine Association of Entomologists C. The founding of entomological research institutions D. The first catalog of Philippine insects Answer: The written records of Dr. Bernardo P. Gabriel (A) Dr. Bernardo P. Gabriel recorded significant developments in Philippine entomology in 1981. 185. Which field of entomology examines the impact of chemical drugs on insect life? A. Economic Entomology B. Forest Entomology C. Insect Ecology D. Insect Toxicology Answer: Insect Toxicology (D) Insect Toxicology studies how various chemical drugs affect insect life and their ecosystems. 186. Who first published the extensive work on mosquitoes of the Philippines? A. E.M. Ledyard B. C.H. Schultz C. C. Ludlow D. D.D. Mackie Answer: C. Ludlow (C) C. Ludlow's publication in 1908 marked the beginning of significant research on mosquitoes in the Philippines. 187. What legislation was enacted in 1915 to address locust issues in the Philippines? A. Agricultural Pest Control Act B. Plant Quarantine Law C. Locust Act No. 2472 D. Locust Act No. 2145 Answer: Locust Act No. 2472 (C) The Locust Act No. 2472, enacted in 1915, aimed to provide measures against locust infestations. 188. Who was the first to establish veterinary entomology in the Philippines? A. Charles F. Baker B. C.H. Schultz C. D.D. Mackie D. M.S. Mitzmain Answer: M.S. Mitzmain (D) M.S. Mitzmain was recognized for his work on veterinary entomology, particularly regarding the transmission of surra by houseflies. 189. Which of the following was tested by D.D. Mackie for pest control? A. Kerosene emulsion B. Bordeaux mixture C. Arsenical sprays D. Insect growth regulators Answer: Arsenical sprays (C) D.D. Mackie specifically tested arsenical sprays as part of his work in pest control. 190. In which year was the Department of Entomology established at the U.P. College of Agriculture? A. 1912 B. 1911 C. 1909 D. 1908 Answer: 1909 (C) The establishment of the Department of Entomology occurred in 1909, indicating a growing focus on the study of insects. 191. What significant publication was founded in 1911 that included entomological findings? A. Philippine Agriculturist and Forester B. Philippine Entomologist C. Annual Review of Entomology D. Journal of Agricultural Research Answer: Philippine Agriculturist and Forester (A) The Philippine Agriculturist and Forester was a key journal for publishing entomological findings from the Department of Entomology. 192. Which chemical was NOT tested by F.O. Cevallos for pest control? A. Carbon bisulphide B. White arsenic C. Insecticidal soap D. Kerosene emulsion Answer: Insecticidal soap (C) F.O. Cevallos's work involved testing various chemicals, but insecticidal soap was not mentioned among them. 193. Which individual is noted for significantly contributing to knowledge of Philippine insect fauna through collaboration? A. D.D. Mackie B. Julian Valdez C. F.O. Cevallos D. Charles F. Baker Answer: Charles F. Baker (D) Charles F. Baker collaborated with numerous experts, playing a crucial role in expanding the understanding of Philippine insect species. 194. What characterizes the entomological work conducted by Julian Valdez in the Philippines? A. He established the first Plant Pest Section. B. He published numerous papers with world authorities. C. He developed new insecticides. D. He introduced beekeeping techniques. Answer: He published numerous papers with world authorities. (B) Julian Valdez's collaboration with experts led to the publication of 400 papers on Philippine insects. 195. What was the focus of the work presented by E.M. Ledyard in 1909? A. Establishment of the Department of Entomology B. Founding of Philippine Agriculturist and Forester C. Testing of pest control methods D. Establishment of the Bureau of Agriculture Answer: Establishment of the Department of Entomology (A) E.M. Ledyard was instrumental in the establishment of the Department of Entomology at the U.P. College of Agriculture. 196. Who was the first entomological investigator to visit the Philippines? A. Hans Herman Behr B. Carl Semper C. Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz D. Hugh Cuming Answer: Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz (C) Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz was the first entomological investigator to visit the Philippines on the Russian Ship Rurik. 197. What was the primary focus of Carl Stal's publication in 1870? A. Philippine Hemiptera B. Philippine Neuroptera C. Philippine Lepidoptera D. Philippine Hymenoptera Answer: Philippine Hemiptera (A) Carl Stal published 'Hemiptera Insularum Philippinarum' in 1870, focusing on Hemiptera. 198. Which insect order did Pierre Joseph Michael Lorquin notably work on during his visits? A. Hemiptera B. Lepidoptera C. Coleoptera D. Hymenoptera Answer: Lepidoptera (B) Pierre Joseph Michael Lorquin was famous for his work on Lepidoptera during his visits to the Philippines. 199. In which year did significant biological control efforts begin with the introduction of a starling in the Philippines? A. 1849 B. 1848 C. 1861 D. 1851 Answer: 1849 (A) The introduction of the starling, known locally as 'Martinez,' for biological control took place in 1849. 200. Who collected material that contributed to the earliest known species of Philippine Hemiptera published in 1851? A. Hugh Cuming B. Carl Semper C. W.S. Dallas D. Carl Stal Answer: Hugh Cuming (A) W.S. Dallas published the earliest known species of Philippine Hemiptera in 1851, derived from Cuming's material. 201. Which entomologist is known as the 'Father of Modern Hemipterology'? A. Hugh Cuming B. Hans Herman Behr C. Carl Stal D. Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz Answer: Carl Stal (C) Carl Stal is recognized as the 'Father of Modern Hemipterology' for his contributions to the field. 202. What important insect characteristic did Westwood, J.O. publish in 1837? A. Classification of Lepidoptera B. Study of tropical butterflies C. Economic importance of Hemiptera D. Characteristics of new insects from Manila Answer: Characteristics of new insects from Manila (D) Westwood, J.O. published characteristics of new insects collected from Manila in 1837. 203. What role did the opening of the port of Manila in 1830 play in entomology? A. Enabled foreign explorers and collectors to enter B. Restricted foreign entomological visits C. Established Manila as an entomological hub D. Allowed Spanish collectors to dominate research Answer: Enabled foreign explorers and collectors to enter (A) The opening of the port of Manila allowed foreigners, including entomologists, to enter the country. 204. Which insect group was specifically studied by Hans Herman Behr during his two-year stay in the Philippines? A. Coleoptera B. Lepidoptera C. Diptera D. Hemiptera Answer: Lepidoptera (B) Hans Herman Behr focused his studies on Lepidoptera during his time in the Philippines. 205. What function do the ocelli serve in insects? A. Balancing during flight B. Detecting light intensity changes C. Improving nocturnal vision D. Enhancing color perception Answer: Detecting light intensity changes (B) Ocelli enhance light detection and register cyclical changes in light intensity. 206. Which of the following best describes the structure of compound eyes in insects? A. Developed from a single lens element B. Consist of only two lenses C. Composed of many hexagonal facets D. Located inside the head capsule Answer: Composed of many hexagonal facets (C) Compound eyes consist of many hexagonal elements called facets, allowing a broad visual field. 207. Which of the following events does NOT correlate with the development of entomological research in the Philippines? A. Opening of Manila to commerce B. Publication of new Hemiptera species C. Increased foreign exploration D. Introduction of cochineal insects Answer: Introduction of cochineal insects (D) The introduction of cochineal insects in 1826 and 1861 did not succeed, hence it is not directly correlated with entomological research development. 208. What distinguishes the median ocellus from the lateral ocelli in insects? A. It is smaller than the lateral ocelli B. It is located on the underside of the head C. It has a single lens D. It is formed from fused ocelli Answer: It is formed from fused ocelli (D) The median ocellus is formed from the fusion of two separate ocelli. 209. Which statement about the functionality of facets in compound eyes is true? A. Each facet operates independently for vision B. Facets can perceive images in isolation C. Simultaneous functioning of all facets results in a complete image D. Only the upper facets contribute to vision Answer: Simultaneous functioning of all facets results in a complete image (C) The entire vision depends on the simultaneous functioning of all facets. 210. What is the primary role of antennae in insects? A. Integrating multiple sensory functions B. Only touch and feel C. Serving as strictly chemosensory organs D. Primarily for vision Answer: Integrating multiple sensory functions (A) Antennae serve multiple sensory roles, including not just tactile functions. 211. How many ocelli are typically arranged in an isosceles triangle in many insects? A. Five B. Three C. Two D. Four Answer: Three (B) Many insects have three ocelli arranged in an isosceles triangle. 212. What is a characteristic of the facets found in the compound eyes of certain dragonflies? A. Facets can differentiate colors distinctly B. More than 20,000 facets C. Maximum of 10 facets D. Facets are all uniform in size Answer: More than 20,000 facets (B) Dragonflies can have as many as 28,000 facets in their compound eyes. 213. Which feature is often present at the interfacetal junctions of insect compound eyes? A. Thick membranes B. Fluid-filled cavities C. Hairlike structures D. Solid connective tissue Answer: Hairlike structures (C) The interfacetal junctions are often provided with fine hairs contributing to the eyes' appearance. 214. What does the Theory of Mosaic Vision explain regarding insect eyesight? A. Vision in insects relies on movement detection only B. Each facet contributes to a fragmented view of the object C. Facets can compete with each other for image clarity D. Insects have a single, continuous image like mammals Answer: Each facet contributes to a fragmented view of the object (B) The Theory of Mosaic Vision states that each facet accommodates only a part of the image. 215. Which statement regarding the compound eyes of insects is correct? A. They provide limited visual fields B. They consist of multiple structural units C. They enhance depth perception significantly D. Each lens functions independently Answer: They consist of multiple structural units (B) Compound eyes are made up of multiple structural units known as facets or ommatidia. 216. What is the primary function of the dorsal vessel in insects? A. Facilitating nutrient absorption directly from the digestive system B. Regulating body temperature via blood flow C. Transporting hemoglobin for oxygen distribution D. Circulating hemolymph to bathe all tissues Answer: Circulating hemolymph to bathe all tissues (D) The dorsal vessel circulates hemolymph, which helps in nutrient distribution and waste removal. 217. Which morphological type of the dorsal vessel is characterized by having segmentally arranged bulbous structures? A. Complex Structures B. Tubular Extensions C. Straight Tube D. Dilatations Answer: Dilatations (D) Dilatations in the dorsal vessel provide a series of large, segmentally arranged bulbous structures. 218. Which statement about the circulatory system of insects is accurate? A. It functions similarly to the human circulatory system. B. It is a closed system facilitating efficient blood flow. C. It primarily relies on hemoglobin for oxygen transport. D. It is an open system utilizing hemolymph to deliver nutrients. Answer: It is an open system utilizing hemolymph to deliver nutrients. (D) The insect circulatory system is open, using hemolymph to bathe tissues directly. 219. What aspect of insect hemolymph differs from human blood? A. Insect hemolymph contains hemoglobin. B. Oxygen is transported via blood cells in insects. C. The density of cells in insect hemolymph is significantly higher. D. Insect hemolymph does not contain red blood cells. Answer: Insect hemolymph does not contain red blood cells. (D) Unlike human blood, insect hemolymph lacks red blood cells and hemoglobin, relying on the tracheal system for oxygen delivery. 220. Which of the following components aids in the circulation of hemolymph in insects? A. Trachea B. Hemoglobin C. Accessory pulsatile organs D. Heart-like structures Answer: Accessory pulsatile organs (C) Accessory pulsatile organs help in the circulation of hemolymph, supplementing the function of the dorsal vessel. 221. What is housed within the head capsule of most insects? A. Spiracles and tracheae B. Brain and mouthparts C. Digestive organs D. Wings and legs Answer: Brain and mouthparts (B) The head capsule of insects primarily contains the brain, mouth opening, mouthparts, and major sense organs. 222. Which significant event occurred in 1962 related to entomology in the Philippines? A. Establishment of the Philippine Entomological Society B. First International Symposium on insect pests C. First National Meeting of the Philippine Association of Entomologists D. Founding of the Philippine Entomologist journal Answer: Establishment of the Philippine Entomological Society (A) The Philippine Entomological Society was established in 1962, marking a key moment in the development of entomology in the Philippines. 223. Which organ is NOT typically associated with the head of an insect? A. Ocelli B. Spiracles C. Mouthparts D. Compound eyes Answer: Spiracles (B) Spiracles are openings associated with respiration and are not found in the insect head; they are located on the body. 224. What contributed to the development of entomology in the Philippines following the 1960s? A. Introduction of new insecticide formulations B. Founding of the National Crop Protection Center C. Increased insect biodiversity studies D. Expansion of agricultural internships Answer: Founding of the National Crop Protection Center (B) The founding of the National Crop Protection Center in 1976 significantly advanced the field of entomology and crop protection in the Philippines. 225. Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of mouthparts in insects? A. They are used solely for flight B. They filter air for respiration C. They aid in digestion within the head D. They are specialized for the ingestion of food Answer: They are specialized for the ingestion of food (D) Insect mouthparts are specialized for the ingestion of food, allowing for various feeding strategies. 226. Which of the following publications was developed in 1966 regarding Philippine entomology? A. Illustrated keys to the Anopheles mosquitoes B. Philippine Entomologist Journal C. Mosquito Fauna of the Philippines D. Catalogue of Philippine Hymenoptera Answer: Catalogue of Philippine Hymenoptera (D) The Catalogue of Philippine Hymenoptera was published in 1966 and is significant for documenting insect biodiversity. 227. Which anatomical feature is essential for the sensory perception in the head of insects? A. Tarsi B. Antennal flagella C. Mandibles D. Cerci Answer: Antennal flagella (B) Antennae are major sensory organs that provide insects with information about their environment. 228. What key aspect is included in the curriculum of the National Crop Protection Center founded in 1976? A. Soil science and nutrient management B. Animal husbandry practices C. Integrated pest management strategies D. Crop varietal development Answer: Integrated pest management strategies (C) The National Crop Protection Center has a focus on integrated pest management strategies to improve crop protection. 229. Who published the first biological study of the coffee longhorn borer in the Philippines? A. C.R. Osten-Sacken B. Ramon Jordana C. George Semper D. Domingo Sanchez y Sanchez Answer: Domingo Sanchez y Sanchez (D) This study marked the first published biological examination of an insect pest in the Philippines. 230. Which of the following entomologists made significant contributions to the study of Philippine Lepidoptera? A. Candeze B. Jose Sanchez C. George Semper D. F. Alvarez Answer: George Semper (C) George Semper published extensive work on Philippine Lepidoptera between 1886 and 1892. 231. What was the primary focus of Ramon Jordana's published work in 1885? A. General work on Zoology B. Description of Diptera C. Study of migratory locust ecology D. Classification of Philippine Lepidoptera Answer: General work on Zoology (A) Jordana's publication included various insects and represented the first such work by a resident worker in the Philippines. 232. Who was recognized for the first report on Philippine Orthoptera derived from Semper's collection? A. Edmond de Selys Longchamps B. George Semper C. Domingo Sanchez y Sanchez D. Candeze Answer: Edmond de Selys Longchamps (A) This report was published by Stal in 1877 and significantly contributed to the understanding of Philippine Orthoptera. 233. What was the significance of the publication 'Catalogo sistematico de toda la fauna de Filipinas'? A. It included the first report on Odonata. B. It focused solely on economic insects. C. It was an extensive work on all known Philippine fauna. D. It was the first biological study of migratory locusts. Answer: It was an extensive work on all known Philippine fauna. (C) This extensive work was published by Dominican Father Castro de Elera and was significant for its comprehensiveness. 234. Which individual is noted for the first comprehensive description of locust ecology in the Philippines? A. Ramon Jordana B. Francisco Alvarez C. Jose Sanchez D. C.R. Osten-Sacken Answer: Francisco Alvarez (B) Alvarez's work in 1895 provided a detailed ecological perspective on migratory locusts. 235. What was predominantly covered in the 'Boletin Oficial Agricola de Filipinas' published between 1894 and 1896? A. In-depth studies on butterflies B. Reports on Odonates specifically C. Economic importance of insects D. General articles on agriculture Answer: Economic importance of insects (C) This monthly issue included various articles that highlighted the economic significance of different insects. 236. Which work was considered the first of its kind by a resident worker concerning the insect fauna of the Philippines? A. Catalogo sistematico de toda la fauna de Filipinas B. Odonates des Philippines C. Bosquejo geografica e historico-natural del archipelago Filipino D. Die Schmitterlings der Philippinischen der inseln Answer: Bosquejo geografica e historico-natural del archipelago Filipino (C) This work published by Ramon Jordana in 1885 included a variety of insects and established a reference for future studies. 237. Which entomologist was responsible for the first extensive publication on Philippine Lepidoptera? A. Candeze B. Edmond de Selys Longchamps C. Francisco Alvarez D. George Semper Answer: George Semper (D) George Semper's work between 1886 and 1892 was a significant contribution to the knowledge of Philippine Lepidoptera. 238. What significant contribution did Charles F. Baker make to Philippine entomology after arriving in 1912? A. Published 400 papers on Philippine insects B. Introduced Italian bees for beekeeping C. Established the first Plant Quarantine Law D. Organized the Entomology section of the Bureau of Agriculture Answer: Published 400 papers on Philippine insects (A) Charles F. Baker collaborated with multiple authorities, resulting in substantial publications on Philippine insect fauna. 239. Which disease was identified by Mitzmain as being transmitted by the housefly? A. Filariasis B. Malaria C. Surra D. Dengue Fever Answer: Surra (C) Mitzmain was the first to establish veterinary entomology, linking the housefly to the disease known as surra. 240. Which insecticides were among the earliest tested by F.O. Cevallos in the Philippines? A. Malathion and Chlorpyrifos B. Glyphosate and Pyrethrins C. Bordeaux mixture and potassium chloride D. White arsenic and kerosene emulsion Answer: White arsenic and kerosene emulsion (D) F.O. Cevallos tested several insecticides, including kerosene emulsion and white arsenic for pest control. 241. Who was the first head of the Department of Entomology established at the U.P. College of Agriculture in 1909? A. D.B. Mackie B. E.M. Ledyard C. D.D. Mackie D. C.R. Jones Answer: E.M. Ledyard (B) E.M. Ledyard was the first to head the Department of Entomology at the U.P. College of Agriculture. 242. In what year was the Philippine Agriculturist and Forester journal founded? A. 1908 B. 1912 C. 1911 D. 1910 Answer: 1911 (C) The Philippine Agriculturist and Forester was founded in 1911 to publish entomological findings. 243. Which law was enacted in 1915 concerning locust control? A. Plant Quarantine Law B. Pest Control Act C. Locust Act No. 2472 D. Agricultural Pests Regulation Answer: Locust Act No. 2472 (C) The Locust Act No. 2472 was enacted in 1915 to handle the threat of locusts. 244. What was a major focus of the newly organized Entomology section of the Bureau of Agriculture in 1910? A. Establishing a beekeeping industry B. Development of chemical pest control methods C. Testing of arsenical sprays for pest control D. Conducting public health studies Answer: Testing of arsenical sprays for pest control (C) The Bureau of Agriculture's Entomology section initially focused on testing arsenical sprays for controlling plant pests. 245. Which individual was significant for augmenting knowledge of Philippine insect fauna with international collaboration? A. Julian Valdez B. E.M. Ledyard C. C.H. Schultz D. C. Ludlow Answer: Julian Valdez (A) Julian Valdez collaborated with many world authorities, significantly enhancing understanding of Philippine insects. 246. What type of insect was introduced in beekeeping attempts in the Philippines in 1913? A. Carniolan bees B. African bees C. Russian bees D. Italian bees Answer: Italian bees (D) Beekeeping using imported Italian bees was first attempted in the Philippines by C.H. Schultz. 247. Who was the first chief entomologist tested arsenical sprays during the early 1900s? A. F. O. Cevallos B. E. M. Ledyard C. D. B. Mackie D. C. Ludlow Answer: D. B. Mackie (C) D.D. Mackie was the chief entomologist involved in testing arsenical sprays for pest control. 248. What is the primary role of the pyloric sphincter in insects? A. Helps in food digestion in the midgut B. Facilitates the absorption of nutrients C. Regulates waste deposition to the hindgut D. Controls feeding behavior Answer: Regulates waste deposition to the hindgut (C) The pyloric sphincter acts as a boundary between the midgut and hindgut, regulating waste passage. 249. Which component is necessary for the initial puncture during the piercing-sucking feeding process? A. Lubricating fluid B. Mechanical connection with the food source C. Digestive enzymes D. Strong mandibles Answer: Mechanical connection with the food source (B) A mechanical connection allows for penetration of the food source, essential for obtaining nutrients. 250. In the chewing and cutting feeding process, what is the function of holding or securing food relative to the mouthparts? A. To apply digestive enzymes B. To enhance taste perception C. To prevent food particles from escaping D. To allow for efficient movement to the gut Answer: To prevent food particles from escaping (C) Securing food ensures that it does not escape while being chewed or cut. 251. What is a key characteristic of food structures in the deep penetration phase of piercing-sucking feeding? A. They often consist of tough, non-nutritive layers B. They must be soft and easily penetrable C. They require minimal force to penetrate D. They are primarily liquid based Answer: They often consist of tough, non-nutritive layers (A) Deep penetration often involves traversing tough layers before reaching the nutrient-rich liquid. 252. Which feeding mechanism uses mouthparts capable of cutting and chewing? A. Piercing-sucking B. Biting-chewing C. Lapping D. Siphoning Answer: Biting-chewing (B) Biting and chewing mechanisms are specifically adapted for breaking down solid food items. 253. What is the significance of the 'recognition of target' phase in the piercing-sucking feeding process? A. It informs the insect when liquid food is reached B. It allows the insect to gauge food safety C. It determines the type of food to be selected D. It helps in communicating with other insects Answer: It informs the insect when liquid food is reached (A) The recognition of target signals when the insect has reached the liquid food within its source. 254. Which of the following is NOT part of the components in the chewing and cutting feeding process? A. Securing food relative to mouthparts B. Applying lubricating fluid C. Reducing food pieces for ingestion D. Creating a pressure gradient Answer: Creating a pressure gradient (D) Creating a pressure gradient is part of the piercing-sucking process, not chewing and cutting. 255. Which structure is crucial for the uptake of food in piercing- sucking insects? A. Ovipositor B. Mandible C. Tarsus D. Stylet Answer: Stylet (D) The stylet is necessary for piercing tissues and facilitating the intake of liquid food. 256. What is the final step in the chewing and cutting feeding process? A. Transporting food to the gut B. Applying lubricating fluid C. Cutting food into pieces D. Detachment of food from the source Answer: Transporting food to the gut (A) Transporting the food particles to the gut is essential for digestion and absorption. 257. What adaptation is often required for penetrating tough barriers in the piercing-sucking feeding process? A. Strong mandibles B. Specialized structures like stylets C. Large saliva glands D. Flexible mouthparts Answer: Specialized structures like stylets (B) Specialized structures like stylets enable insects to penetrate tough barriers to access food. 258. Which type of pupae has developing appendages that are held tightly against the body by a shell-like casing? A. Exarate B. Obtect C. Lacewing D. Coarctate Answer: Obtect (B) Obtect pupae are characterized by their tightly held appendages within a shell- like casing. 259. What is the primary role of the salivary glands in the digestive system of insects? A. To absorb nutrients from food B. To provide structural support to the gut C. To assist in digestion by secreting enzymes D. To connect to the mouthparts for feeding Answer: To assist in digestion by secreting enzymes (C) Salivary glands secrete enzymes that aid in the digestion of food. 260. What characteristic distinguishes Coarctate pupae from other types of pupae? A. They are encased within a silken cocoon. B. They have developing appendages visible externally. C. Their body is encased within a hard exoskeleton of the last larval instar. D. They possess a shell-like casing around the body. Answer: Their body is encased within a hard exoskeleton of the last larval instar. (C) Coarctate pupae are uniquely characterized by being encased in the hard exoskeleton of the next-to-last larval instar. 261. Which part of the insect digestive system marks the beginning of the midgut? A. Buccal cavity B. Hindgut C. Stomodaeum D. Alimentary canal Answer: Stomodaeum (C) The Stomodaeum acts as a muscular valve that indicates the front of the foregut, leading to the midgut. 262. What is the significance of the alimentary canal in the insect digestive system? A. It connects the mouthparts to the salivary glands. B. It is responsible for the interpolation of digestive enzymes. C. It assists in the absorption of nutrients and expelling waste. D. It serves as a protective barrier to pathogens. Answer: It assists in the absorption of nutrients and expelling waste. (C) The alimentary canal plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption and waste expulsion in insects. 263. What is the primary function of the head capsule in most insects? A. Storing food B. Protection against predators C. Housing the brain and sensory organs D. Facilitating locomotion Answer: Housing the brain and sensory organs (C) The head capsule primarily serves to house the brain, mouthparts, and major sense organs. 264. Which of the following statements about the Philippine Entomological Society is correct? A. S.M.Cendaña was the first President. B. It primarily focuses on agricultural engineering. C. It was the second entomological organization in the Philippines. D. It was founded in 1964. Answer: S.M.Cendaña was the first President. (A) The Philippine Entomological Society was founded in 1962 and had S.M.Cendaña as its first President. 265. What role did the National Crop Protection Center, founded in 1976, play in Philippine agriculture? A. It directed research on crop diseases and pests. B. It developed new crop varieties for export. C. It focused on fruit and vegetable marketing. D. It created the first insect museum in the Philippines. Answer: It directed research on crop diseases and pests. (A) The National Crop Protection Center was established to direct research on crop diseases and pests. 266. Which of the following was the first journal of entomology in the Philippines? A. Philippine Insect Review B. Philippine Journal of Insect Science C. Philippine Journal of Entomology D. Philippine Entomologist Answer: Philippine Entomologist (D) The Philippine Entomologist, founded in 1968, was the first journal of entomology in the country. 267. Which major sense organs are typically housed in the head of an insect? A. Palps and spines B. Mandibles and maxillae C. Claspers and cerci D. Ocelli and compound eyes Answer: Ocelli and compound eyes (D) The head of an insect typically houses major sense organs, including antennae, compound eyes, and ocelli. 268. What distinguishes the catalogue of Hymenoptera published by C.R. Baltazar? A. It was published in 1966. B. It included only aquatic species. C. It was the first major catalogue published by a Filipino. D. It focused exclusively on parasitic species. Answer: It was the first major catalogue published by a Filipino. (C) The Catalogue of Philippine Hymenoptera published by C.R. Baltazar in 1966 was the first major catalogue done by a Filipino. 269. What is a key feature of the first monographic treatment of Philippine mosquitoes published by Delfinado? A. It included ecological studies. B. It encompassed all mosquito species except Aedes. C. It was published in 1964. D. It was based solely on field observations. Answer: It encompassed all mosquito species except Aedes. (B) Delfinado's treatment included comprehensive information on all mosquito species except Aedes. 270. What was the primary focus of the International Symposium held in 1964? A. Organic farming techniques B. Major insect pests of rice C. Bioengineering in crop protection D. Insect conservation strategies Answer: Major insect pests of rice (B) The International Symposium held in 1964 focused on major insect pests of rice, addressing concerns related to rice agriculture. 271. What is the triangular sclerite located between the frontal sutures called? A. Occiput B. Clypeus C. Frons D. Vertex Answer: Frons (C) The frons is a key structural part of the head capsule located between the frontal sutures. 272. Which structure forms a transitional zone between the head and thorax of an insect? A. Occiput B. Cervix C. Subgena D. Genae Answer: Cervix (B) The cervix allows considerable movement for the insect's head. 273. What does the occipital suture circumscribe in the insect's head capsule? A. Clypeus B. Vertex and genae C. Compound eyes D. Frontal suture Answer: Vertex and genae (B) The occipital suture wraps around the posterior margin of both the vertex and genae. 274. Which structure on the insect head is known for strengthening the region behind the occipital suture? A. Frons B. Genae C. Clypeus D. Apodeme Answer: Apodeme (D) The apodeme is an internal sclerotized ridge that provides support to the head capsule. 275. Which pair of anatomical features may be found on the front, top, or sides of an insect's head? A. Subgena and occiput B. Antennal sockets and ocelli C. Cervical sclerites and frons D. Postgenae and ventral suture Answer: Antennal sockets and ocelli (B) Compound eyes, antennae, and ocelli are key sensory organs on the insect head. 276. Which suture separates the base of the frons from the clypeus? A. Occipital suture B. Epistomal suture C. Frontal suture D. Coronal suture Answer: Epistomal suture (B) The epistomal suture is specifically located between the frons and the clypeus. 277. What segment is indicated by the faint postoccipital suture at the back of the head? A. Fifth segment B. Fourth segment C. Sixth segment D. Seventh segment Answer: Sixth segment (C) The postoccipital suture marks remnants of the sixth primitive segment in insects. 278. Where are the genae positioned in relation to the frontal sutures? A. Behind B. In front of C. Above D. To the left of Answer: Behind (A) The genae are sclerites located laterally behind the frontal sutures on each side of the head. 279. What type of sclerite is the postgena considered to be? A. Dorsal sclerite B. Anterior sclerite C. Trapezoidal sclerite D. Lateral sclerite Answer: Lateral sclerite (D) The postgenae are small lateral sclerites located behind the occiput. 280. What is the function of small cervical sclerites in an insect’s neck? A. Facilitate the movement of wings B. Attachment points for muscles controlling head movements C. Serve as sensory organs D. Support digestive processes Answer: Attachment points for muscles controlling head movements (B) Cervical sclerites are crucial for the attachment of muscles that control the movement of the head. 281. What is the primary function of the thorax in insects? A. Digestion B. Locomotion C. Reproduction D. Sensory perception Answer: Locomotion (B) The thorax is primarily adapted for locomotion, housing the legs and wings. 282. Which part of the insect thorax is responsible for wing articulation? A. Mesothorax B. Prothorax C. Metathorax D. Pleuron Answer: Pleuron (D) The pleuron includes the pleural apodeme that serves as a pivot for the wings. 283. How many segments comp